Acceso usuarios
José Antonio Valle Flores, María Magdalena Rosado Álvarez, Isabel Odilia Grijalva Grijalva, Emily Patricia Valarezo Suscal, Gustavo Saúl Escobar Valdivieso, Jhon Carlos Zambrano Bonilla, Janet del Cisne Alvarado Heras
Introducción: La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) representa un grave problema de salud pública debido a su creciente prevalencia y complicaciones asociadas. La alimentación influye significativamente en el estado nutricional y perfil metabólico de los pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis.
Objetivo: Describir el perfil bioquímico, antropométrico y patrones alimentarios de pacientes con ERC sometidos a hemodiálisis.
Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con 127 pacientes en hemodiálisis en Guayaquil-Ecuador durante 2024. Se evaluaron parámetros antropométricos, marcadores bioquímicos y patrones alimentarios mediante recordatorio de 24 horas. El análisis estadístico incluyó medias y desviaciones estándar.
Resultados: Los pacientes tuvieron una media de edad de 54,66 ± 17,08 años, predominando el normopeso (54%). Se registraron hiperazoemia (100%), hipercreatininemia (100%), hipocalcemia (80%) e hipoalbuminemia (33%). El consumo calórico promedio fue insuficiente en el 90,55% (1147,85 ± 496,69 kcal/día), con ingesta proteica excesiva en el 94,49%. Se observaron déficits significativos en fibra (98,43%), zinc (79,53%), folatos (94,49%) y potasio (100%).
Conclusiones: Los pacientes en hemodiálisis presentaron desequilibrios nutricionales importantes, destacando la deficiencia energética y micronutricional con exceso proteico, junto a alteraciones bioquímicas significativas como hiperazoemia, hipercreatininemia e hipocalcemia. Se enfatiza la necesidad de estrategias dietéticas personalizadas orientadas a mejorar el perfil nutricional y prevenir complicaciones metabólicas en esta población.
SUMMARYIntroduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highlyprevalent public health problem, associated with metabolic,inflammatory, and nutritional disorders that compromise thequality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis.Objective: To describe the biochemical and anthropomet-ric profiles, as well as the dietary patterns of patients withchronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis.Material and Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectionalstudy was conducted in 127 adult patients (63 women and64 men) treated at a dialysis center in Guayaquil city(Ecuador) during 2024. Anthropometric, biochemical, and di-etary data were collected using clinical protocols, laboratoryanalyses, and a 24-hour dietary recall on two non-consecutivedays. Nutrient intake was estimated using food compositiontables from the USDA and Ecuador. Means, standard devia-tions, and frequencies were used for descriptive analysis.Results: The mean age was 54.66 ± 17.08 years. The av-erage BMI was 24.25 ± 4.11 kg/m², with 54% classified asnormal weight and 21% as underweight. Elevated levels ofurea, creatinine, and BUN were found in 100% of cases.Glucose was elevated in 79% (137.61 ± 49.38 mg/dL), albu-min was low in 33%, and serum calcium was reduced in 80%.Regarding diet, caloric intake was insufficient in 90.55%(1147.85 ± 496.69 kcal/day), while 94.49% had high proteinintake (66.24 ± 31.61 g/day). Fiber intake was deficient in98.43% (8.61 ± 6.20 g/day). Major deficiencies were ob-served in potassium (100%), calcium (96.06%), zinc(79.53%), iron (69%), vitamin C (72.44%), folate (94.49%),and vitamin B12 (65%).Discussion: The findings reveal a clinical profile markedby metabolic imbalances consistent with advanced renal in-sufficiency, along with a hypocaloric and micronutrient-defi-cient diet, despite excessive protein consumption.Conclusions: CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis pres-ent a structural nutritional imbalance that requires personal-ized dietary interventions to optimize intake, correct deficien-cies, and reduce associated clinical risks.
