Acceso usuarios
Guayaquil, Ecuador
Introducción: La enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) representa un grave problema de salud pública debido a su creciente prevalencia y complicaciones asociadas. La alimentación influye significativamente en el estado nutricional y perfil metabólico de los pacientes sometidos a hemodiálisis.
Objetivo: Describir el perfil bioquímico, antropométrico y patrones alimentarios de pacientes con ERC sometidos a hemodiálisis.
Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal con 127 pacientes en hemodiálisis en Guayaquil-Ecuador durante 2024. Se evaluaron parámetros antropométricos, marcadores bioquímicos y patrones alimentarios mediante recordatorio de 24 horas. El análisis estadístico incluyó medias y desviaciones estándar.
Resultados: Los pacientes tuvieron una media de edad de 54,66 ± 17,08 años, predominando el normopeso (54%). Se registraron hiperazoemia (100%), hipercreatininemia (100%), hipocalcemia (80%) e hipoalbuminemia (33%). El consumo calórico promedio fue insuficiente en el 90,55% (1147,85 ± 496,69 kcal/día), con ingesta proteica excesiva en el 94,49%. Se observaron déficits significativos en fibra (98,43%), zinc (79,53%), folatos (94,49%) y potasio (100%).
Conclusiones: Los pacientes en hemodiálisis presentaron desequilibrios nutricionales importantes, destacando la deficiencia energética y micronutricional con exceso proteico, junto a alteraciones bioquímicas significativas como hiperazoemia, hipercreatininemia e hipocalcemia. Se enfatiza la necesidad de estrategias dietéticas personalizadas orientadas a mejorar el perfil nutricional y prevenir complicaciones metabólicas en esta población.
SUMMARYIntroduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highlyprevalent public health problem, associated with metabolic,inflammatory, and nutritional disorders that compromise thequality of life of patients undergoing hemodialysis.Objective: To describe the biochemical and anthropomet-ric profiles, as well as the dietary patterns of patients withchronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis.Material and Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectionalstudy was conducted in 127 adult patients (63 women and64 men) treated at a dialysis center in Guayaquil city(Ecuador) during 2024. Anthropometric, biochemical, and di-etary data were collected using clinical protocols, laboratoryanalyses, and a 24-hour dietary recall on two non-consecutivedays. Nutrient intake was estimated using food compositiontables from the USDA and Ecuador. Means, standard devia-tions, and frequencies were used for descriptive analysis.Results: The mean age was 54.66 ± 17.08 years. The av-erage BMI was 24.25 ± 4.11 kg/m², with 54% classified asnormal weight and 21% as underweight. Elevated levels ofurea, creatinine, and BUN were found in 100% of cases.Glucose was elevated in 79% (137.61 ± 49.38 mg/dL), albu-min was low in 33%, and serum calcium was reduced in 80%.Regarding diet, caloric intake was insufficient in 90.55%(1147.85 ± 496.69 kcal/day), while 94.49% had high proteinintake (66.24 ± 31.61 g/day). Fiber intake was deficient in98.43% (8.61 ± 6.20 g/day). Major deficiencies were ob-served in potassium (100%), calcium (96.06%), zinc(79.53%), iron (69%), vitamin C (72.44%), folate (94.49%),and vitamin B12 (65%).Discussion: The findings reveal a clinical profile markedby metabolic imbalances consistent with advanced renal in-sufficiency, along with a hypocaloric and micronutrient-defi-cient diet, despite excessive protein consumption.Conclusions: CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis pres-ent a structural nutritional imbalance that requires personal-ized dietary interventions to optimize intake, correct deficien-cies, and reduce associated clinical risks.
