El laboratorio clínico en el diagnóstico de la leucemia linfoblástica aguda: a propósito de un caso

• Autores: Lidia Abellán Tejada
• Localización: Revista Sanitaria de Investigación, ISSN-e 2660-7085, Vol. 5, Nº. 9, 2024
• Idioma: español
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen
  • español

    La leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) se produce en el 80% de los casos en niños y representa la neoplasia infantil más común. Tiene su origen en la expansión clonal de una célula hematopoyética de diferenciación anormal y elevada supervivencia, apareciendo blastos circulantes y reemplazo de células normales por tumorales en la médula ósea. La sintomatología está relacionada con anemia, neutropenia y trombocitopenia debido al reemplazo de la médula ósea por células neoplásicas y relacionada con los efectos de la infiltración leucémica en otros órganos, entre ellos el Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC).

    La sospecha, confirmación diagnóstica y tipo de leucemia se establece a través de pruebas de laboratorio que van desde pruebas básicas (como un hemograma y frotis sanguíneo) hasta pruebas más específicas (pruebas moleculares y citogenéticas), lo que permite la clasificación del tipo de leucemia, estratificación del riesgo y selección del tratamiento adecuado. El laboratorio adquiere papel importante en el manejo del paciente con LLA.

  • English

    Acute lymphoblastic leukemia occurs in 80% of cases in children and it is the most common childhood cancer. It is produced by the clonal expansion of a hematopoietic cell with abnormal differentiation and high survival, appearing circulating blasts and replacement of normal cells with tumor cells in the bone marrow. The symptoms are related to anemia, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia due to replacement of the bone marrow with the neoplastic cells and related to effects of leukemic infiltration in other organs such the Central Nervous System (CNS).

    The suspicious, diagnostic confirmation and type of leukemia are established through laboratory tests that range from basic test (hemogram and Peripheral Blood Smear) to specialized laboratory tests (molecular and cytogenetic test), allowing the classification of the type of leukemia, risk stratification and selection of the proper treatment. The laboratory takes on an important role in the management and prognosis of patients with ALL.

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