Manifestaciones orales de los pacientes prematuros y con bajo peso al nacer

• Autores: Maria Albericio Gil, Sara Bergasa Hernández, Belén Montón Abril, Ángel Montón Abril, Silvia María Marco Sevilla
• Localización: Revista Sanitaria de Investigación, ISSN-e 2660-7085, Vol. 5, Nº. 9, 2024
• Idioma: español
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen
  • español

    Introducción: La incidencia de nacimientos prematuros (< 37 semanas de gestación) se ha mantenido bastante constante a lo largo de los años, sin embargo, los avances en la medicina perinatal han aumentado la tasa de supervivencia de los niños nacidos con bajo (< 2500 g) y muy bajo (< 1500g) peso al nacer, resultando en un aumento de la morbilidad entre los niños prematuros. Con frecuencia, estos pacientes, presentan complicaciones como hiperbilirrubinemia; asfixia perinatal; deficiencias respiratorias, cardiovasculares, neurológicas y nutricionales; infecciones y problemas gastrointestinales. Estas patologías pueden causar alteraciones a nivel oral que el odontopediatra debe ser capaz de identificar.

    Método: Se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica sobre las manifestaciones orales de los pacientes prematuros y con bajo peso al nacer.

    Conclusiones: La prevalencia de defectos de esmalte en dentición temporal está significativamente influenciada por el bajo peso al nacer, la edad gestacional, los valores bajos del test de Apgar y causas locales como el trauma óseo asociado a la colocación del laringoscopio durante la intubación endotraqueal. Los pacientes prematuros pueden presentar alteraciones de la morfología del paladar y alteraciones de la oclusión, pudiendo ser necesario en estos casos la realización de ortodoncia interceptiva. Los niños prematuros presentan con mayor frecuencia problemas de manejo de la conducta. El cuidado profesional regular con la implantación de un programa preventivo individualizado y unos buenos hábitos higiénicos en casa son extremadamente importantes en el manejo de estos pacientes.

  • English

    Introduction: The incidence of premature births (< 37 weeks gestation) has remained fairly constant over the years, however, advances in perinatal medicine have increased the survival rate of children born with low birth weight (< 2500 g) and very low (< 1500g) birth weight, resulting in increased morbidity among premature infants. Frequently, these patients present complications such as hyperbilirubinemia; perinatal asphyxia; respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological and nutritional deficiencies; infections and gastrointestinal problems. These pathologies can cause oral alterations that the pediatric dentist must be able to identify.

    Method: A bibliographic review has been carried out on the oral manifestations of premature and low birth weight patients.

    Conclusions: The prevalence of enamel defects in primary dentition is significantly influenced by low birth weight, gestational age, low Apgar test values and local causes such as bone trauma associated with the placement of the laryngoscope during endotracheal intubation. Premature patients may present alterations in the morphology of the palate and alterations in occlusion, and interceptive orthodontics may be necessary in these cases. Premature children more frequently present behavioral management problems. Regular professional care with the implementation of an individualized preventive program and good hygiene habits at home are extremely important in the management of these patients.

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