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Fundamento: La trombosis venosa profunda (TVP) es un proceso de difícil diagnóstico. Se pretende evaluar la utilidad y efectividad diagnóstica de un cuestionario de estratificación de riesgo clínico y de una estrategia diagnóstica aplicadas a pacientes con sospecha de TVP en miembros inferiores (MMII) en un servicio de urgencias. Pacientes y método: Estudio prospectivo de 569 pacientes que acudieron al servicio de urgencias con sospecha de TVP en MMII durante 14 meses. Se les aplicó un cuestionario que estratifica en grupos de probabilidad pretest (alta, moderada o baja) según síntomas-signos, factores de riesgo y diagnósticos alternativos. Se diagnosticó TVP mediante una estrategia que combina el modelo de estratificación con eco-Doppler inicial y repetición del eco-Doppler a los pacientes de riesgo medio-alto y primer eco-Doppler negativo, con seguimiento clínico (tres meses). Resultados: La probabilidad clínica era baja en 203 pacientes (35,7%), media en 186 (32,7%) y alta en 180 (31,6%). Se diagnosticó TVP a 153 pacientes (26,9%), al 96% con el primer eco-Doppler, 3,5% con el segundo y 0,7% por seguimiento clínico. Presentaban bajo riesgo 22 pacientes (11%; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95%, 7-16%); en 43 (23%; IC del 95%, 17-30%) el riesgo era medio y en 88 (49%; IC del 95%, 41-56%), alto. La diferencia de prevalencia de TVP entre categorías fue significativa (p < 0,00001). Comparando los grupos de riesgo alto y medio con el de bajo riesgo, el modelo tiene una sensibilidad del 86%, un valor predictivo negativo del 90% y una especificidad del 43%. Conclusiones: El modelo de estratificación clínico utilizado es válido, útil y sencillo, aunque insuficiente como única herramienta para tomar decisiones. La estrategia diagnóstica utilizada es efectiva, pero poco eficiente.
Background: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a difficult to diagnostic disease. The aim of this study was to determine the utility and accuracy of a risk stratification questionnaire and a diagnostic strategy, which were applied to patients with suspected DVT on lower extremities in an emergency department. Patients and method: A prospective cohort study was performed in 569 outpatients with clinical suspected DVT during 14 months. The applied questionnaire stratified patients into three pre-test probability categories. Items included signs, symptoms, risk factors and potential alternative diagnosis, which were based on a modified Wells clinical model. DVT was diagnosed by the combined use of clinical model, compression ultrasonography (CUS) and follow-up CUS one week later in those moderate-high risk patients with an initial normal test. These patients were followed over three months for the development of venous thromboembolic complications. Results: Two hundred three (35.7%) patients were classified as having a low, 186 (32.7%) moderate and 180 (31.6%) high clinical probability. Overall, DVT was diagnosed in 153 patients (26%; CI95%, 23.2-30.7%): 144 (96%) at the initial CUS, 6 (3.5%) at the second testing and 3 over the 3-month follow-up period. 22 patients had a low pretest probability (11%; CI95%, 7-16%), 43 (23%; CI95%, 17-30%) moderate, and 88 (49%; CI95%, 41-56%) high pretest probability. The difference in the prevalence of DVP among risk categories was significant (p < 0.00001). When the high and moderate groups were joined, the model had a 86% sensitivity, a 90% negative predictive value and a 43% specificity for diagnosis of DVT. Conclusions: The clinical model used in this study is accurate and feasible, though it is not enough to take clinical decisions. The diagnostic strategic used is effective but not efficient.
