Natación artística en niñas: Antropometría, genotipo y rendimiento deportivo

• Romero-Lorca, A ^[1] ; de la Calle, L ^[1] ; Novillo, A ^[1] ; Fernández-Santander, A ^[1] ; Blanco, M.A ^[1] ; Rodelgo, T. ^[1] ; Andreu-Vázquez, C ^[1] ; Gaibar, M. ^[2]
  1. [1] Universidad Europea de Madrid

     Universidad Europea de Madrid

     Madrid, España

     
  2. [2] Universidad Francisco de Vitoria

     Universidad Francisco de Vitoria

     Pozuelo de Alarcón, España

     
• Localización: Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, ISSN-e 1577-0354, Vol. 22, Nº. 85, 2022, págs. 198-229
• Idioma: español
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Artistic swimming in girls: Anthropometrics, genotype and athletic performance
• Texto completo no disponible (Saber más ...)
• Resumen
  • español

    En cada deporte es importante optimizar peso y composición corporal y la genética y los datos antropométricos pueden influir en rendimiento deportivo y salud, sobre todo en deportistas menores.Este estudio analiza 60 nadadoras artísticas entre 9 y 17 años, divididas en tres grupos de edad: ≤12, 13-15 y 16-17 años. Se realizó un análisis de medidas antropométricas, edad de menarquia, genotipo relacionado con rendimiento (gen ACTN3) y resultados deportivos, con objetivo de relacionar estos parámetros entre sí en los grupos de edad.Las nadadoras de mayor edad mostraron tendencia a portar el genotipo heterocigoto RX de ACTN3. En este estudio, la práctica de este deporte podría tener impacto en índice de masa corporal, pliegue tricipital, peso y edad de menarquia. La mayor prevalencia del genotipo heterocigoto ACTN3 R577X podría ofrecer una ventaja, pero el rendimiento en competición de las nadadoras artísticas tuvo poca relación con sus medidas antropométricas.

  • English

    In sport, optimizing weight and body composition is important for performance although an excessive drive for thinness can lead to diminished performance and health problems. This is especially important in the youngest athletes.This study examines 60 national competition-level Spanish artistic swimmers aged 9-17 years. Participants were divided into 3 categories: 12 years and under, 13-15 and 16-17 years. The data analysed were anthropometric measures, menarche age, genotype related to performance (gene ACTN3) and athletic performance. Relationships between athletic performance and anthropometric or genetic data were compared among the three age groups.Swimmers showed a tendency to carry the heterozygous genotype RX of the ACTN3 gene in the older age group. In this study, this sport could have an impact on body mass index, triceps skinfold, weight, menarche age, and selection of one genotype, but the performance in competition of the artistic swimmers had little linking to anthropometric measures

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  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines...
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized...
  • Ruiz JR, Arteta D, Buxens A et al. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? J Appl Physiol, 2010; 108, 561-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01242.2009.
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  • Schaal K, Tiollier E, Le Meur Y et al. Elite synchronized swimmers display decreased energy availability during intensified training. Scan....
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  • Zugno T, Martínez-de-Haro V, Lara MT & Sanz-Arribas I. Velocidad de crecimiento de deportistas adolescentes tecnificados de natación,...
  • Carrasco M, Irurtia A, Rodríguez-Zamora L et al. Body composition and nutritional status in elite synchronized swimmers. 18th Annual Congress...
  • Carrascosa A, Fernández JM, Fernández M et al. Estudios españoles de crecimiento 2010. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr, 2010; 2, 59-62. doi: 10.3266.
  • Chiu LL, Wu YF, Tang MT et al. ACTN3 genotype and swimming performance in Taiwan. Int J Sports Med, 2011; 32, 476–80. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1263115.
  • De la Calle L, Díaz Ureña G, & Muniesa CA. Genotipo de ACTN3 en nadadores españoles y su relación con la puntuación FINA como indicador...
  • Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P et al. More than a 'speed gene': ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for...
  • Ferrand C, Magnan C, Rouveix M et al. Disordered eating, perfectionism and body esteem of elite synchronized swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci, 2007;...
  • Hagmar M, Lindén Hirschberg A, Berglund L et al. Special Attention to the Weight-Control Strategies Employed by Olympic Athletes Striving...
  • Kaplowitz PB. Link Between Body Fat and the Timing of Puberty. Pediatrics, 2008; 121, S208-S217. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1813F.
  • Lundy B. Nutrition for Synchronized Swimming: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2011; 21, 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.436.
  • Marco Hernández M, Benítez R, Medranda I et al. Normal physiological variations of pubertal development: starting age of puberty, menarcheal...
  • Mills M, Yang N, Weinberger R et al. Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species:...
  • Mountjoy M. Injuries and medical issues in synchronized Olympic sports. Curr Sports Med Reports. 2009, 8, 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181b84a09
  • Peric M., Zenic N., Furjan-Mandi? G et al. The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming....
  • Ponciano K, Miranda MLJ, Homma M et al. Physiological responses during the practice of synchronized swimming: a systematic review. Clin Physiol...
  • Robertson S & Mountjoy M. A review of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of relative energy deficiency in sport in artistic (synchronized)...
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines...
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized...
  • Ruiz JR, Arteta D, Buxens A et al. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? J Appl Physiol, 2010; 108, 561-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01242.2009.
  • Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Yvert T et al. ACTN3 genotype in Spanish elite swimmers: No “heterozygous advantage”. Scan J Med Sci Sports, 2013; 23,...
  • Salber, D., Peric, M., Spasic, M et al. Sport-specific and anthropometric predictors of synchronised swimming performance. International Journal...
  • Sambanis M, Kofotolis N; Kalogeropoulou E et al. A study on the effects on the ovarian cycle of athletic training in different sports. J Sports...
  • Sánchez González E, Carrascosa Lezcano A, Fernández García JM et al. Growth Spanish studies: the current situation, their effectiveness and...
  • Schaal K, Tiollier E, Le Meur Y et al. Elite synchronized swimmers display decreased energy availability during intensified training. Scan....
  • Tanaka C, Homma M, Kawahara T et al. Characteristics of body height and proportion in elementary school synchronized swimmers. Suiei Suichu...
  • Weyerstraß J, Stewart K, Wesselius A et al. Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status - A Meta-Analysis. J Sci Med Sport....
  • World Health Organisation. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative: highlights 2015–2017 preliminary data. Copenhagen: WHO; 2018.
  • Yáñez-Ortega JL, Arrieta-Cerdán E, Lozano-Alonso JE, Gil Costa M, Gutiérrez-Araus AM, Cordero-Guevara JA, Vega Alonso T. Prevalence of overweight...
  • Zugno T, Martínez-de-Haro V, Lara MT & Sanz-Arribas I. Velocidad de crecimiento de deportistas adolescentes tecnificados de natación,...
  • Carrasco M, Irurtia A, Rodríguez-Zamora L et al. Body composition and nutritional status in elite synchronized swimmers. 18th Annual Congress...
  • Carrascosa A, Fernández JM, Fernández M et al. Estudios españoles de crecimiento 2010. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr, 2010; 2, 59-62. doi: 10.3266.
  • Chiu LL, Wu YF, Tang MT et al. ACTN3 genotype and swimming performance in Taiwan. Int J Sports Med, 2011; 32, 476–80. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1263115.
  • De la Calle L, Díaz Ureña G, & Muniesa CA. Genotipo de ACTN3 en nadadores españoles y su relación con la puntuación FINA como indicador...
  • Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P et al. More than a 'speed gene': ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for...
  • Ferrand C, Magnan C, Rouveix M et al. Disordered eating, perfectionism and body esteem of elite synchronized swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci, 2007;...
  • Hagmar M, Lindén Hirschberg A, Berglund L et al. Special Attention to the Weight-Control Strategies Employed by Olympic Athletes Striving...
  • Kaplowitz PB. Link Between Body Fat and the Timing of Puberty. Pediatrics, 2008; 121, S208-S217. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1813F.
  • Lundy B. Nutrition for Synchronized Swimming: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2011; 21, 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.436.
  • Marco Hernández M, Benítez R, Medranda I et al. Normal physiological variations of pubertal development: starting age of puberty, menarcheal...
  • Mills M, Yang N, Weinberger R et al. Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species:...
  • Mountjoy M. Injuries and medical issues in synchronized Olympic sports. Curr Sports Med Reports. 2009, 8, 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181b84a09
  • Peric M., Zenic N., Furjan-Mandi? G et al. The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming....
  • Ponciano K, Miranda MLJ, Homma M et al. Physiological responses during the practice of synchronized swimming: a systematic review. Clin Physiol...
  • Robertson S & Mountjoy M. A review of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of relative energy deficiency in sport in artistic (synchronized)...
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines...
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized...
  • Ruiz JR, Arteta D, Buxens A et al. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? J Appl Physiol, 2010; 108, 561-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01242.2009.
  • Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Yvert T et al. ACTN3 genotype in Spanish elite swimmers: No “heterozygous advantage”. Scan J Med Sci Sports, 2013; 23,...
  • Salber, D., Peric, M., Spasic, M et al. Sport-specific and anthropometric predictors of synchronised swimming performance. International Journal...
  • Sambanis M, Kofotolis N; Kalogeropoulou E et al. A study on the effects on the ovarian cycle of athletic training in different sports. J Sports...
  • Sánchez González E, Carrascosa Lezcano A, Fernández García JM et al. Growth Spanish studies: the current situation, their effectiveness and...
  • Schaal K, Tiollier E, Le Meur Y et al. Elite synchronized swimmers display decreased energy availability during intensified training. Scan....
  • Tanaka C, Homma M, Kawahara T et al. Characteristics of body height and proportion in elementary school synchronized swimmers. Suiei Suichu...
  • Weyerstraß J, Stewart K, Wesselius A et al. Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status - A Meta-Analysis. J Sci Med Sport....
  • World Health Organisation. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative: highlights 2015–2017 preliminary data. Copenhagen: WHO; 2018.
  • Yáñez-Ortega JL, Arrieta-Cerdán E, Lozano-Alonso JE, Gil Costa M, Gutiérrez-Araus AM, Cordero-Guevara JA, Vega Alonso T. Prevalence of overweight...
  • Zugno T, Martínez-de-Haro V, Lara MT & Sanz-Arribas I. Velocidad de crecimiento de deportistas adolescentes tecnificados de natación,...
  • Carrasco M, Irurtia A, Rodríguez-Zamora L et al. Body composition and nutritional status in elite synchronized swimmers. 18th Annual Congress...
  • Carrascosa A, Fernández JM, Fernández M et al. Estudios españoles de crecimiento 2010. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr, 2010; 2, 59-62. doi: 10.3266.
  • Chiu LL, Wu YF, Tang MT et al. ACTN3 genotype and swimming performance in Taiwan. Int J Sports Med, 2011; 32, 476–80. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1263115.
  • De la Calle L, Díaz Ureña G, & Muniesa CA. Genotipo de ACTN3 en nadadores españoles y su relación con la puntuación FINA como indicador...
  • Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P et al. More than a 'speed gene': ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for...
  • Ferrand C, Magnan C, Rouveix M et al. Disordered eating, perfectionism and body esteem of elite synchronized swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci, 2007;...
  • Hagmar M, Lindén Hirschberg A, Berglund L et al. Special Attention to the Weight-Control Strategies Employed by Olympic Athletes Striving...
  • Kaplowitz PB. Link Between Body Fat and the Timing of Puberty. Pediatrics, 2008; 121, S208-S217. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1813F.
  • Lundy B. Nutrition for Synchronized Swimming: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2011; 21, 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.436.
  • Marco Hernández M, Benítez R, Medranda I et al. Normal physiological variations of pubertal development: starting age of puberty, menarcheal...
  • Mills M, Yang N, Weinberger R et al. Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species:...
  • Mountjoy M. Injuries and medical issues in synchronized Olympic sports. Curr Sports Med Reports. 2009, 8, 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181b84a09
  • Peric M., Zenic N., Furjan-Mandi? G et al. The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming....
  • Ponciano K, Miranda MLJ, Homma M et al. Physiological responses during the practice of synchronized swimming: a systematic review. Clin Physiol...
  • Robertson S & Mountjoy M. A review of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of relative energy deficiency in sport in artistic (synchronized)...
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines...
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized...
  • Ruiz JR, Arteta D, Buxens A et al. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? J Appl Physiol, 2010; 108, 561-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01242.2009.
  • Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Yvert T et al. ACTN3 genotype in Spanish elite swimmers: No “heterozygous advantage”. Scan J Med Sci Sports, 2013; 23,...
  • Salber, D., Peric, M., Spasic, M et al. Sport-specific and anthropometric predictors of synchronised swimming performance. International Journal...
  • Sambanis M, Kofotolis N; Kalogeropoulou E et al. A study on the effects on the ovarian cycle of athletic training in different sports. J Sports...
  • Sánchez González E, Carrascosa Lezcano A, Fernández García JM et al. Growth Spanish studies: the current situation, their effectiveness and...
  • Schaal K, Tiollier E, Le Meur Y et al. Elite synchronized swimmers display decreased energy availability during intensified training. Scan....
  • Tanaka C, Homma M, Kawahara T et al. Characteristics of body height and proportion in elementary school synchronized swimmers. Suiei Suichu...
  • Weyerstraß J, Stewart K, Wesselius A et al. Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status - A Meta-Analysis. J Sci Med Sport....
  • World Health Organisation. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative: highlights 2015–2017 preliminary data. Copenhagen: WHO; 2018.
  • Yáñez-Ortega JL, Arrieta-Cerdán E, Lozano-Alonso JE, Gil Costa M, Gutiérrez-Araus AM, Cordero-Guevara JA, Vega Alonso T. Prevalence of overweight...
  • Zugno T, Martínez-de-Haro V, Lara MT & Sanz-Arribas I. Velocidad de crecimiento de deportistas adolescentes tecnificados de natación,...
  • Carrasco M, Irurtia A, Rodríguez-Zamora L et al. Body composition and nutritional status in elite synchronized swimmers. 18th Annual Congress...
  • Carrascosa A, Fernández JM, Fernández M et al. Estudios españoles de crecimiento 2010. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr, 2010; 2, 59-62. doi: 10.3266.
  • Chiu LL, Wu YF, Tang MT et al. ACTN3 genotype and swimming performance in Taiwan. Int J Sports Med, 2011; 32, 476–80. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1263115.
  • De la Calle L, Díaz Ureña G, & Muniesa CA. Genotipo de ACTN3 en nadadores españoles y su relación con la puntuación FINA como indicador...
  • Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P et al. More than a 'speed gene': ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for...
  • Ferrand C, Magnan C, Rouveix M et al. Disordered eating, perfectionism and body esteem of elite synchronized swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci, 2007;...
  • Hagmar M, Lindén Hirschberg A, Berglund L et al. Special Attention to the Weight-Control Strategies Employed by Olympic Athletes Striving...
  • Kaplowitz PB. Link Between Body Fat and the Timing of Puberty. Pediatrics, 2008; 121, S208-S217. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1813F.
  • Lundy B. Nutrition for Synchronized Swimming: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2011; 21, 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.436.
  • Marco Hernández M, Benítez R, Medranda I et al. Normal physiological variations of pubertal development: starting age of puberty, menarcheal...
  • Mills M, Yang N, Weinberger R et al. Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species:...
  • Mountjoy M. Injuries and medical issues in synchronized Olympic sports. Curr Sports Med Reports. 2009, 8, 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181b84a09
  • Peric M., Zenic N., Furjan-Mandi? G et al. The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming....
  • Ponciano K, Miranda MLJ, Homma M et al. Physiological responses during the practice of synchronized swimming: a systematic review. Clin Physiol...
  • Robertson S & Mountjoy M. A review of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of relative energy deficiency in sport in artistic (synchronized)...
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines...
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized...
  • Ruiz JR, Arteta D, Buxens A et al. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? J Appl Physiol, 2010; 108, 561-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01242.2009.
  • Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Yvert T et al. ACTN3 genotype in Spanish elite swimmers: No “heterozygous advantage”. Scan J Med Sci Sports, 2013; 23,...
  • Salber, D., Peric, M., Spasic, M et al. Sport-specific and anthropometric predictors of synchronised swimming performance. International Journal...
  • Sambanis M, Kofotolis N; Kalogeropoulou E et al. A study on the effects on the ovarian cycle of athletic training in different sports. J Sports...
  • Sánchez González E, Carrascosa Lezcano A, Fernández García JM et al. Growth Spanish studies: the current situation, their effectiveness and...
  • Schaal K, Tiollier E, Le Meur Y et al. Elite synchronized swimmers display decreased energy availability during intensified training. Scan....
  • Tanaka C, Homma M, Kawahara T et al. Characteristics of body height and proportion in elementary school synchronized swimmers. Suiei Suichu...
  • Weyerstraß J, Stewart K, Wesselius A et al. Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status - A Meta-Analysis. J Sci Med Sport....
  • World Health Organisation. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative: highlights 2015–2017 preliminary data. Copenhagen: WHO; 2018.
  • Yáñez-Ortega JL, Arrieta-Cerdán E, Lozano-Alonso JE, Gil Costa M, Gutiérrez-Araus AM, Cordero-Guevara JA, Vega Alonso T. Prevalence of overweight...
  • Zugno T, Martínez-de-Haro V, Lara MT & Sanz-Arribas I. Velocidad de crecimiento de deportistas adolescentes tecnificados de natación,...
  • Carrasco M, Irurtia A, Rodríguez-Zamora L et al. Body composition and nutritional status in elite synchronized swimmers. 18th Annual Congress...
  • Carrascosa A, Fernández JM, Fernández M et al. Estudios españoles de crecimiento 2010. Rev Esp Endocrinol Pediatr, 2010; 2, 59-62. doi: 10.3266.
  • Chiu LL, Wu YF, Tang MT et al. ACTN3 genotype and swimming performance in Taiwan. Int J Sports Med, 2011; 32, 476–80. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1263115.
  • De la Calle L, Díaz Ureña G, & Muniesa CA. Genotipo de ACTN3 en nadadores españoles y su relación con la puntuación FINA como indicador...
  • Del Coso J, Hiam D, Houweling P et al. More than a 'speed gene': ACTN3 R577X genotype, trainability, muscle damage, and the risk for...
  • Ferrand C, Magnan C, Rouveix M et al. Disordered eating, perfectionism and body esteem of elite synchronized swimmers. Eur J Sport Sci, 2007;...
  • Hagmar M, Lindén Hirschberg A, Berglund L et al. Special Attention to the Weight-Control Strategies Employed by Olympic Athletes Striving...
  • Kaplowitz PB. Link Between Body Fat and the Timing of Puberty. Pediatrics, 2008; 121, S208-S217. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2007-1813F.
  • Lundy B. Nutrition for Synchronized Swimming: A Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab, 2011; 21, 436-445. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.21.5.436.
  • Marco Hernández M, Benítez R, Medranda I et al. Normal physiological variations of pubertal development: starting age of puberty, menarcheal...
  • Mills M, Yang N, Weinberger R et al. Differential expression of the actin-binding proteins, alpha-actinin-2 and -3, in different species:...
  • Mountjoy M. Injuries and medical issues in synchronized Olympic sports. Curr Sports Med Reports. 2009, 8, 255-261. https://doi.org/10.1249/JSR.0b013e3181b84a09
  • Peric M., Zenic N., Furjan-Mandi? G et al. The Reliability, Validity and Applicability of Two Sport-Specific Power Tests in Synchronized Swimming....
  • Ponciano K, Miranda MLJ, Homma M et al. Physiological responses during the practice of synchronized swimming: a systematic review. Clin Physiol...
  • Robertson S & Mountjoy M. A review of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of relative energy deficiency in sport in artistic (synchronized)...
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Monitoring internal load parameters during competitive synchronized swimming duet routines...
  • Rodríguez-Zamora L, Iglesias X, Barrero A et al. Physiological Responses in Relation to Performance during Competition in Elite Synchronized...
  • Ruiz JR, Arteta D, Buxens A et al. Can we identify a power-oriented polygenic profile? J Appl Physiol, 2010; 108, 561-6. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.01242.2009.
  • Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Yvert T et al. ACTN3 genotype in Spanish elite swimmers: No “heterozygous advantage”. Scan J Med Sci Sports, 2013; 23,...
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  • Ruiz JR, Santiago C, Yvert T et al. ACTN3 genotype in Spanish elite swimmers: No “heterozygous advantage”. Scan J Med Sci Sports, 2013; 23,...
  • Salber, D., Peric, M., Spasic, M et al. Sport-specific and anthropometric predictors of synchronised swimming performance. International Journal...
  • Sambanis M, Kofotolis N; Kalogeropoulou E et al. A study on the effects on the ovarian cycle of athletic training in different sports. J Sports...
  • Sánchez González E, Carrascosa Lezcano A, Fernández García JM et al. Growth Spanish studies: the current situation, their effectiveness and...
  • Schaal K, Tiollier E, Le Meur Y et al. Elite synchronized swimmers display decreased energy availability during intensified training. Scan....
  • Tanaka C, Homma M, Kawahara T et al. Characteristics of body height and proportion in elementary school synchronized swimmers. Suiei Suichu...
  • Weyerstraß J, Stewart K, Wesselius A et al. Nine genetic polymorphisms associated with power athlete status - A Meta-Analysis. J Sci Med Sport....
  • World Health Organisation. Childhood obesity surveillance initiative: highlights 2015–2017 preliminary data. Copenhagen: WHO; 2018.
  • Yáñez-Ortega JL, Arrieta-Cerdán E, Lozano-Alonso JE, Gil Costa M, Gutiérrez-Araus AM, Cordero-Guevara JA, Vega Alonso T. Prevalence of overweight...
  • Zugno T, Martínez-de-Haro V, Lara MT & Sanz-Arribas I. Velocidad de crecimiento de deportistas adolescentes tecnificados de natación,...