Evaluación de una intervención de promoción de la salud para personas mayores de barrios desfavorecidos

• Autores: Alba Sánchez Mascuñano, Carolina Lapena Estella, Xavier Continente, Vicencia Laguna Fernández, José Luis del Val García, María José López Medina
• Localización: Metas de enfermería, ISSN 1138-7262, Vol. 22, Nº. 7, 2019, págs. 24-32
• Idioma: español
• DOI: 10.35667/MetasEnf.2019.22.1003081464
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Evaluation of a health promotion intervention for elderly persons in underprivileged areas
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• Resumen
  • español

    Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de una intervención de promoción de la salud para personas de edad avanzada, con el objetivo de promover la adopción de hábitos saludables y de mejorar la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS), la salud mental y el apoyo social.

    Método: se llevó a cabo un estudio de evaluación con diseño pre/post, no-experimental. Se trataba de captar a mayores de 65 años, residentes en la comunidad, de dos barrios de nivel socioeconómico desfavorecido de la ciudad de Barcelona. La intervención consistió en un taller estructurado en ocho sesiones cuyo objetivo era la adopción de hábitos saludables. Se obtuvo información sobre la actividad física, CVRS, hábitos dietéticos, salud mental y apoyo social a partir de cuestionarios validados (IPAQ, SF-36, PREDIMED, GHQ-12, MOS y NSHAP, respectivamente). Se analizaron diferencias antes y después de la intervención mediante los test de McNemar, t de Student y de Wilcoxon para datos apareados según correspondiese.

    Resultados: la muestra se compuso de 22 adultos. Tras la intervención, la mediana de actividad física se incrementó en 842,5 MET/semana. La CVRS también mejoró: las puntuaciones para dimensión mental se incrementaron en un 30% y las de la dimensión física un 22%. No se observaron cambios en la dieta o en la salud mental.

    Conclusiones: las intervenciones de promoción de la salud, orientadas a personas mayores pueden jugar un papel clave en la mejora de la calidad de vida y el bienestar.

  • English

    Objective: to assess the efficacy of a health promotion intervention for persons of advanced age, with the objective of promoting the adoption of healthy habits and improving health-related quality of life (HRQoL), mental health, and social support.

    Methods: an evaluation study was conducted with pre/post, non-experimental design. The objective was to recruit >65-year-old persons living in the community, from two areas in the city of Barcelona with underprivileged socioeconomic levels. The intervention consisted in a workshop structured into eight sessions, with the objective of adopting healthy habits. Information was collected about physical activity, HRQoL, diet habits, mental health, and social support, through validated questionnaires (IPAQ, SF-36, PREDIMED, GHQ-12, MOS and NSHAP, respectively). Any differences before and after the intervention were analyzed through the McNemar, Student’s t and Wilcoxon tests for paired data, as relevant.

    Results: the sample included 22 adults. After the intervention, there was an increase in the median physical activity of 842.5 MET/week. There was also an improvement in HRQoL: the scores for the mental dimension increased by 30% and the physical dimension by 22%. No changes were observed in diet or mental health.

    Conclusions: health promotion interventions, oriented to elderly persons, can play a key role in the improvement of QoL and wellbeing.

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