Panorama actual en el uso de drogas emergentes

• Autores: Helen Dolengevich Segal, Jorge Gómez-Arnau Ramírez, Beatriz Rodríguez Salgado, María Frenzi Rabito Alcón, Javier Correas Lauffer
• Localización: Health and addictions: salud y drogas, ISSN-e 1578-5319, Vol. 14, Nº. 1, 2014, págs. 47-58
• Idioma: español
• DOI: 10.21134/haaj.v14i1.213
• Títulos paralelos:
  • A current approach on the use of emergent drugs
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Dialnet Métricas: 4 Citas
• Resumen
  • español

    Fundamentación: nuevas sustancias y nuevas formas de consumo emergen en el mercado de las drogas. Internet desempeña un papel esencial en la distribución fácil y anónima de éstas, así como en la cultura del consumo. Muchas de estas drogas escapan a la legislación, pues son novedosas o están originalmente destinadas a otros usos. Objetivos: obtener una visión global y actual sobre las drogas emergentes más relevantes, por su popularidad o su potencial peligro para la salud. Metodología: revisión bibliográfica de trabajos publicados en la literatura científica, sobre algunas de las drogas emergentes más populares o más peligrosas para la salud, así como de blogs y páginas web no indexadas científicamente. Resultados: los cannabinoides sintéticos son una de las drogas con más auge y suponen una alternativa legal al cannabis. Algunas sustancias de origen vegetal (kratom, estramonio, belladona) se consumen por su efecto psicotropo. La mefedrona es la droga que más muertes concita. El bromo-DragonFLY también se ha asociado a desenlaces fatales. Conclusiones: resulta prioritario atender estas cuestiones, puesto que es cada vez más frecuente el reporte de casos en la literatura médica, a la vez que son desconocidos los riesgos a medio y largo plazo.

  • English

    Groundwork: New substances and new forms of consumption emerge in the drug market. Internet plays an essential role in the easy and anonymous distribution of these drugs as well as in the consumption culture.

    Many of these substances escape the law because they are novel or originally intended for other uses. Aims: To obtain a comprehensive and current approach of the emerging drugs which are now most important, either for their popularity or for their potential danger for health.

    Methodology: Review of scientific literature regarding some of the most popular and health-threatening emerging drugs, as well as blogs and web pages not scientifically indexed. Results: Synthetic cannabinoids are one of the most rising drugs and represent a legal alternative to cannabis. Some substances of vegetal origin (kratom, Jimson weed, belladonna) are consumed by their psychotropic effect. Mephedrone is the drug that arouses more deaths. Bromo-DragonFLY has also been associated with fatal outcomes. Conclusions: Addressing these issues is a priority, not only as case reports in the medical literature are increasing, but also because short and longterm risks of these substances are unknown.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Andreasen, M. F., Telving, R., Birkler, R. I. D., Schumacher, B. y Johannsen, M. (2009). A fatal poisoning involving Bromo-Dragonfly. Forensic...
  • Ardila-Ardila, A., Moreno, C. B. y Ardila-Gómez, S. E. (2006). Scopolamine poisoning ('burundanga'): loss of the ability to make decisions....
  • Austin, H. y Monasterio, E. (2004). Acute psychosis following ingestion of “Rapture”. Australasian psychiatry: bulletin of Royal Australian...
  • Babu, K. M., McCurdy, C. R. y Boyer, E. W. (2008). Opioid receptors and legal highs: Salvia divinorum and Kratom. Clinical toxicology (Philadelphia,...
  • Baumann, M. H., Partilla, J. S., Lehner, K. R., Thorndike, E. B., Hoffman, A. F., Holy, M.,... Schindler, C. W. (2013). Powerful Cocaine-Like...
  • Blum, K., Foster-Olive, M., Wang, K. K. W., Febo, M., Borsten, J., Giordano, J.,... Gold, M. S. (2013). Hypothesizing that designer drugs...
  • Boletín Oficial del Estado (2011). Orden SPI/201/2011, de 3 de febrero, por la que se incluye la sustancia 4-metilmetcatinona (Mefedrona)...
  • Boyer, E. W., Babu, K. M. y Macalino, G. E. (2007). Self-treatment of opioid withdrawal with a dietary supplement, Kratom. The american journal...
  • Cakic, V., Potkonyak, J. y Marshall, A. (2010). Dimethyltryptamine (DMT): subjective effects and patterns of use among Australian recreational...
  • Cameron, K. N., Kolanos, R., Solis, E., Glennon, R. y De Felice, L. J. (2012). Bath salts components mephedrone and methylenedioxypyrovalerone...
  • Carmo, H. F., Bastos, M. L. y Arbo, M. D. (2012). Piperazine compounds as drugs of abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 122(3):174-85. doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.10.007.
  • Caudevilla-Gállego, F., Riba, J., Ventura, M., González, D., Farré, M., Barbanoj, M. J. y Bouso, J. C. (2012). 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine...
  • Corazza, O., Assi, S. y Schifano, F. (2013). From “Special K” to “Special M”: the evolution of the recreational use of ketamine and methoxetamine....
  • Corazza, O., Schifano, F., Farre, M., Deluca, P., Davey, Z., Torrens, M.,... Scherbaum, N. (2011). Designer drugs on the internet: a phenomenon...
  • De Boer, D. y Bosman, I. (2004). A new trend in drugs-of-abuse; the 2C-series of phenethylamine designer drugs. Pharmacy world & science:...
  • De Paoli, G., Maskell, P. D. y Pounder, D. J. (2011). Naphyrone: analytical profile of the new “legal high” substitute for mephedrone. Journal...
  • Durand, D., Delgado, L. L., de la Parra-Pellot, D. M. y Nichols-Vinueza, D. (2013). Psychosis and Severe Rhabdomyolysis Associated with Synthetic...
  • Durkin, E., Elliott, S., Ghodse, A. H., Schifano, F. y Corkery, J. M. (2012). The recreational tryptamine 5-MeO-DALT (N, N-diallyl-5-methoxytryptamine):...
  • Gaire, B. P. y Subedi, L. (2013). A review on the pharmacological and toxicological aspects of Datura stramonium L. Journal of Chinese Integrative...
  • García-Repetto, R. y Soria, M. L. (2011). Drogas emergentes: una perspectiva medicolegal. Revista española de medicina legal, 37(2), 76-82.
  • Gibbons, S. y Zloh, M. (2010). An analysis of the 'legal high' mephedrone. Bioorganic and medicinal chemistry letters, 20(14):4135-9....
  • Gowdy, J. M. (1972). Stramonium intoxication: review of symptomatology in 212 cases. Journal of the american medical association, 221(6):585-7.
  • Gunderson, E. W., Haughey, H. M., Ait-Daoud, N., Joshi, A. S. y Hart, C. L. (2012). “Spice” and “K2” herbal highs: a case series and systematic...
  • Jebadurai, J., Schifano, F. y Deluca, P. (2013). Recreational use of 1-(2-naphthyl)-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-pentanone hydrochloride (NRG-1),...
  • Jerry, J., Collins, G. y Streem, D. (2012). Synthetic legal intoxicating drugs: The emerging “incense” and “bath salt” phenomenon. Cleveland...
  • Joksovic, P., Mellos, N., van Wattum, P. J. y Chiles, C. (2012). “Bath salts” induced psychosis and serotonin toxicity. Journal of clinical...
  • Kalix, P. y Braenden, O. (1985). Pharmacological aspects of the chewing of khat leaves. Pharmacological reviews, 37(2), 149–164.
  • Kjellgren, A. y Jonsson, K. (2013). Methoxetamine (MXE), a phenomenological study of experiences induced by a “legal high” from the internet....
  • Kronstrand, R., Roman, M., Thelander, G. y Eriksson, A. (2011). Unintentional fatal intoxications with mitragynine and O-desmethyltramadol...
  • Lange, J. E., Daniel, J., Homer, K., Reed, M. B. y Clapp, J. D. (2010). Salvia divinorum: effects and use among YouTube users. Drug and alcohol...
  • Lin, J. C., Jan, R. K., Kydd, R. R. y Russell, B. R. (2011). Subjective effects in humans following administration of party pill drugs BZP...
  • Marinetti, L. J. y Antonides, H. M. (2013). Analysis of synthetic cathinones commonly found in bath salts in human performance and postmortem...
  • McElrath, K. y O’Neill, C. (2011). Experiences with mephedrone preand post-legislative controls: perceptions of safety and sources of supply....
  • Mullen, D., Bajaj, N. y Wylie, S. (2010). Dependence and psychosis with 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) use. BMJ Case Reports. doi:10.1136/bcr.02.2010.2780.
  • Müller, H., Sperling, W., Köhrmann, M., Huttner, H. B., Kornhuber, J. y Maler, J. M. (2010). The synthetic cannabinoid Spice as a trigger...
  • Neerman, M. F., Frost, R. E. y Deking, J. (2013). A drug fatality involving Kratom. Journal of forensic sciences, 1(Supl. 2):78-9. Doi: 10.1111/1556-4029.12009.
  • Palmer, A. (2012). Deep web: Drugs, guns, assassins, jet planes all for sale on vast anonymous network. Mirror. Recuperado de http://www.mirror.co.uk.
  • Papanti, D., Schifano, F., Botteon, G., Bertossi, F., Mannix, J., Vidoni, D.,... Bonavigo, T. (2013). “Spiceophrenia”: a systematic overview...
  • Prosser, J. M. y Nelson, L. S. (2012). The Toxicology of Bath Salts: A Review of Synthetic Cathinones. Journal of Medical Toxicology. doi:10.1007/s13181-011-0193-z.
  • Przekop, P. y Lee, T. (2009). Persistent psychosis associated with salvia divinorum use. The american journal of psychiatry, 166(7):832. doi:...
  • Rosenbaum, C. D., Babu, K. M. y Carreiro, S. P. (2012). Here Today, Gone Tomorrow…and Back Again? A Review of Herbal Marijuana Alternatives...
  • Sainsbury, P. D., Kicman, A. T., Archer, R. P., King, L. A. y Braithwaite, R. A. (2011). Aminoindanes – the next wave of 'legal highs'?...
  • Sammler, E. M., Foley, P. L., Lauder, G. D., Wilson, S. J., Goudie, A. R. y O'Riordan, J. L. (2010). A harmless high? Lancet, 376(9742):742....
  • Sanders, B., Lankenau, S. E., Bloom, J. J. y Hathazi, D. (2008). “Research chemicals”: tryptamine and phenethylamine use among high-risk youth....
  • Schmidt, M. M., Sharma, A., Schifano, F. y Feinmann, C. (2011). “Legal highs” on the net-Evaluation of UK-based Websites, products and product...
  • Schnakenberg, A., Sewell, R. A., Ranganathan, M., Skosnik, P. D., Cohen, B. M., D’Souza, D. C. y Pittman, B. (2012). Dose-Related Behavioral,...
  • Seetohul, L. N., Maskell, P. D., De Paoli, G. y Pounder, D. J. (2012). Deaths associated with new designer drug 5-IT. British medical journal,...
  • Seetohul, L. N. y Pounder, D. J. (2013). Four fatalities involving 5-IT. Journal of analytical toxicology, 37(7):447-51. doi: 10.1093/jat/bkt053.
  • Täljemark, J. y Johansson, B. A. (2012). Drug-induced acute psychosis in an adolescent first-time user of 4-HO-MET. European child and adolescent...
  • Thornton, S. L., Gerona, R. R. y Tomaszewski, C. A. (2012). Psychosis from a Bath Salt Product Containing Flephedrone and MDPV with Serum,...
  • Tung, C. K., Chiang, T. P. y Lam, M. (2012). Acute mental disturbance caused by synthetic cannabinoid: a potential emerging substance of abuse...
  • Urban, M., Rudecki, T., Wroblewski, D. y Rabe-Jablonska, J. (2011). Psychotic disorders related with chronic use of mephedrone. Case report....
  • Van der Veer, N. y Friday, J. (2011). Persistent psychosis following the use of Spice. Schizophrenia research, 130(1-3):285-6. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.04.022.
  • Van Hout, M. C. y Bingham, T. (2013). “Silk Road”, the virtual drug marketplace: A single case study of user experiences. The International...
  • Wikström, M., Thelander, G., Dahlgren, M. y Kronstrand, R. (2013). An accidental fatal intoxication with methoxetamine. Journal of analytical...
  • Wood, D. M., Dargan, P. I., Button, J., Holt, D. W., Ovasaka, H., Ramsey, J. y Jones, A. L. (2007). Collapse, reported seizure and an unexpected...
  • Wood, D. M., Greene, S. L. y Dargan, P. I. (2011). Clinical pattern of toxicity associated with the novel synthetic cathinone mephedrone....
  • Wood, D. M., Looker, J. J., Shaikh, L., Button, J., Puchnarewicz, M., Davies, S.,... Dargan, P. I. (2009). Delayed onset of seizures and toxicity...