La exposición hipóxica como medio para aumentar el rendimiento deportivo: ¿mito o realidad?

• Autores: Carlos Balsalobre Fernández, Carlos Mª Tejero-González, Juan del Campo Vecino, Dionisio Alonso Curiel
• Localización: Revista Internacional de Medicina y Ciencias de la Actividad Física y del Deporte, ISSN-e 1577-0354, Vol. 14, Nº. 53, 2014, págs. 183-198
• Idioma: español
• Títulos paralelos:
  • Hypoxic exposure as a means of increasing sporting performance: fact or fiction?
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Dialnet Métricas: 2 Citas
• Resumen
  • español

    Las crecientes exigencias del deporte de élite han propiciado la continua investigación de diversos métodos para aumentar el rendimiento deportivo de los deportistas. Uno de los que más se ha hablado en los últimos años, especialmente en los deportes de resistencia, es el entrenamiento en altitud o exposición hipóxica. No obstante, a pesar de la popularidad que ha cobrado entre atletas y entrenadores de todo el mundo, existe una gran controversia sobre sus supuestas bondades. De esta forma, el objetivo de esta revisión es tratar de clarificar el papel de la exposición hipóxica en el aumento del rendimiento deportivo, analizando las distintas metodologías, herramientas e investigaciones al respecto. Se concluye que la exposición hipóxica carece en la actualidad de suficientes evidencias científicas que validen su efectividad, pues los resultados de la literatura son contradictorios.

  • English

    The increasing demands of elite sports have led to continuing research into various methods for improving the sporting performance of their participants. One of the most widely discussed in the past few years, especially in the field of endurance sports, is altitude training, or hypoxic exposure. However, despite its increasing popularity amongst athletes and coaches worldwide, a great deal of controversy remains regarding its supposed benefits. As such, the aim of this review was to attempt to clarify the role of hypoxic exposure on improved sporting performance by analysing the various methodologies, tools and research available. The key conclusion is that hypoxic exposure currently lacks sufficient scientific evidence to validate its efficacy as literature results tend to be contradictory.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Aughey, R., Gore, C., Hahn, A., Garnham, A., Clark, S., Petersen, A., y ...McKenna, M. (2005). Chronic intermittent hypoxia and incremental...
  • Beidleman, B. A., Muza, S. R., Fulco, C. S., Jones, J. E., Lammi, E., Staab, J. E., y Cymerman, A. (2009). Intermittent Hypoxic Exposure Does...
  • Billat, V. (2002). Entorno físico y rendimiento deportivo: Temperatura y altitude. En Billat, V. (2002), Fisiología y metodología del entrenamiento...
  • Bonetti, D. L., Hopkins, W. G., Lowe, T. E. y Kilding, A. E. (2009). Cycling Performance Following Adaptation to Two Protocols of Acutely...
  • Bonetti, D. y Hopkins, W. (2009). Sea-Level Exercise Performance Following Adaptation to Hypoxia: A Meta-Analysis. Sports Medicine, 39(2),...
  • Böning, D. (2002). Altitude and hypoxia training - effects on performance capacity and physiological functions at sea level. Medicina Sportiva...
  • Brugniaux, J. V., Pialoux, V., Foster, G. E., Duggan, C. T. C., Eliasziw, M., Hanly, P. J. y Poulin, M. J. (2011). Effects of intermittent...
  • Burtscher, M., Gatterer, H., Faulhaber, M., Gerstgrasser, W. y Schenk, K. (2010). Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia on Running Economy. International...
  • Casas, H. H., Casas, M. M., Ricart, A. A., Rama, R. R., Ibanez, J. J., Palacios, L. L. y ... Pages, T. T. (2000). Effectiveness of three short...
  • Chapman, R. F., Stray-Gundersen, J. y Levine, B. D. (2010). Epo production at altitude in elite endurance athletes is not associated with...
  • Chapman, R., Stray-Gundersen, J. y Levine, B. (1998). Individual variation in response to altitude training. Journal of Applied Physiology,...
  • Debevec, T., Amon, M., Keramidas, M. E., Kounalakis, S. N., Pisot, R. y Mekjavic, I. B. (2010). Normoxic and Hypoxic Performance Following...
  • Earle, R. W. y Baechle, T. R. (2007). Principios del Entrenamiento de la Fuerza y del Acondicionamiento Físico (2 ed.). Madrid: Panamericana.
  • Faria, E. (2009). Recent advances in specific training for cycling. International Sport Medicine Journal, 10(1), 16-32.
  • Faulhaber, M., Gatterer, H., Haider, T., Patterson, C. y Burtscher, M. (2010). Intermittent hypoxia does not affect endurance performance...
  • Feriche, B. N., Delgado, M., Calderón, C., Lisbona, O., Chirosa, I. J., Miranda, M. T. y. . . Álvarez, J. (2007). The effect of acute moderate...
  • Frese, F. y Friedmann-Bette, B. (2010). Effects of Repetitive Training at Low Altitude on Erythropoiesis in 400 and 800m Runners. International...
  • Gore, C., Clark, S. y Saunders, P. (2007). Nonhematological Mechanisms of Improved Sea-Level Performance after Hypoxic Exposure. Medicine...
  • Hamlin, M. J., Marshall, H. C., Hellemans, J. y Ainslie, P. N. (2010). Effect of intermittent hypoxia on muscle and cerebral oxygenation during...
  • Hamlin, M.J. y Hellemans, J. (2007). Effect of intermittent normobaric hypoxic exposure at rest on haematological, physiological, and performance...
  • Heinicke, K., Prommer, N., Cajigal, J., Viola, T., Behn, C. y Schmidt, W. (2003). Long-term exposure to intermittent hypoxia results in increased...
  • Hendriksen, I. y Meeuwsen, T. (2003). The effect of intermittent training in hypobaric hypoxia on sea-level exercise: a cross-over study in...
  • Hinckson, E., Hopkins, W., Downey, B. y Smith, T. (2006). The effect of intermittent hypoxic training via a hypoxic inhaler on physiological...
  • Hoppeler, H., Vogt, M., Weibel, E.R y Flück, M. (2003). Response of skeletal muscle mitochondria to hypoxia. Experimental Physiology, 88(1),...
  • Katayama, K., Sato, Y., Ishida, K., Mori, S. y Miyamura, M. (1998). The effects of intermittent exposure to hypoxia during endurance exercise...
  • Levine, B. D. y Stray-Gundersen, J. (1997). Living high-training low: effect of moderate-altitude acclimatization with low-altitude training...
  • Levine, B. y Stray-Gundersen, J. (2005). Point: Positive effects of intermittent hypoxia (live high:train low) on exercise performance are...
  • López, J.A. (2008). Fisiología de la altitud y del ejercicio físico. En López, J. y Fernández, A., Fisiología del Ejercicio (pp.696-737)....
  • Lozano, F. (2008, Febrero). Hypoxic stimulation in long distance runners. A necessity in high performance sport. I Simposio Internacional...
  • Martinez-Bello, V. E., Sanchis-Gomar, F., Nascimento, A. L., Pallardo, F. V., Ibañez-Sania, S., Olaso-Gonzalez, G. y . . . Viña, J. (2011)....
  • Meeuwsen, T., Hendriksen, I. y Holewijn, M. (2001). Training-induced increases in sea-level performance are enhanced by acute intermittent...
  • Millets, G., Roels, B., Schmitt, L., Woorons, X. y Richalet, J. (2010). Combining Hypoxic Methods for Peak Performance. Sports Medicine, 40(1),...
  • Minvaleev, R. (2011). Comparison of the rates of changes in the lipid spectrum of human blood serum at moderate altitudes. Human Physiology,...
  • Moniaga, N. C. y Griswold, C. A. (2009). Loss of Consciousness and Seizure During Normobaric Hypoxia Training. Aviation, Space & Environmental...
  • Mori, M., Kinugawa, T., Endo, A., Kato, M., Kato, T., Osaki, S. y ... Shigemasa, C. (1999). Effects of hypoxic exercise conditioning on work...
  • Mounier, R. m., Pialoux, V., Schmitt, L., Richalet, J.-P., Robach, P., Coudert, J. y . . . Fellmann, N. (2009). Effects of acute hypoxia tests...
  • Nishimura, A., Sugita, M., Kato, K., Fukuda, A., Sudo, A. y Uchida, A. (2010). Hypoxia Increases Muscle Hypertrophy Induced by Resistance...
  • Nishiwaki, M., Kawakami, R., Saito, K., Tamaki, H., Takekura, H. y Ogita, F. (2011). Vascular adaptations to hypobaric hypoxic training in...
  • PiaIoux, V., Mounier, R., Rock, E., Mazur, A., Schmitt, L., Richalet, J. P. y . . . Fellmann, N. (2009). Effects of Acute Hypoxic Exposure...
  • Pialoux, V., Brugniaux, J. V., Rock, E., Mazur, A., Schmitt, L., Richalet, J.-P. y . . . Mounier, R. (2010). Antioxidant status of elite athletes...
  • Pialoux, V., Mounier, R., Brugniaux, J., Rock, E., Mazur, A., Richalet, J.-P. y . . .Fellmann, N. (2009). Thirteen days of "live high-train...
  • Robertson, E. Y., Saunders, P. U., Pyne, D. B., Gore, C. J. y Anson, J. M. (2010). Effectiveness of intermittent training in hypoxia combined...
  • Rodríguez, F., Casas, H., Casas, M., Pages, T., Rama, R., Ricart, A. Y ... Viscor, G. G. (1999). Intermittent hypobaric hypoxia stimulates...
  • Rodríguez, F., Truijens, M., Townsend, N., Stray-Gundersen, J., Gore, C. y Levine, B. (2007). Performance of runners and swimmers after four...
  • Terrados, N., Melichna, J., Sylven, C., Jansson, E. y Kaijser, L. (1988). Effects of training at simulated altitude on performance and muscle...
  • Terrados, N., Mizuno, M. y Andersen, H. (1985). Efecto de altitudes moderadas (900, 1.200 y 1.500 m. sobre el nivel del mar) en el consumo...
  • Truijens, M., Rodríguez, F., Townsend, N., Stray-Gundersen, J., Gore, C. y Levine, B. (2008). The effect of intermittent hypobaric hypoxic...
  • Villa, J., Lucía, A., Marroyo, J., Avila, C., Jiménez, F., García-López, J. y ... Cordova, A. (2005). Does Intermittent Hypoxia Increase Erythropoiesis...
  • Vogt, M. y Hoppeler, H. (2010). Is hypoxia training good for muscles and exercise performance? Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 52(6),...
  • Wenjun, R., Xudong, Y., Xiaogang, J., Zheng, L. y Zhenxi, Z. (2010). Chronic hypoxia and exercise training affect the NO content and NOS activity...
  • Wiesner, S., Haufe, S., Engeli, S., Mutschler, H., Haas, U., Luft, F. C. y Jordan, J. (2010). Influences of Normobaric Hypoxia Training on...
  • Wilber, R. (2001). Current Trends in Altitude Training. Sports Medicine, 31(4), 249-265.