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In 1997, Gigliotti proposed that certain conceptual and empirical considerations were necessary when using the Neuman systems model lines of defense and resistance in quantitative research. Since that time, a period of theoretical sharpening has resulted both from the iterative process of theory development through research and refinement of proposed relations, and from concept clarification efforts. These new advances prompt new empirical considerations. Specifically, the notion of the flexible line of defense strictly as a moderator has been reconsidered and new relations between the normal line of defense and the lines of resistance, as well as between the core, the lines of resistance and the normal line of defense are proposed.
