Urban–rural disparities in nutritional status and lifestyle behaviors among adults in West Sumatra, Indonesia: Evidence of an ongoing nutrition transition

• Nur Ahmad Habibi ^[3] ; Gusnedi Gusnedi ^[3] ; Rina Hasniyati ^[3] ; Edmon Edmon ^[3] ; Roselynne Anggraini ^[1] ; Aziz Jati Nur Ananda ^[4] ; Nisrina Hanisa ^[2] ; Herqutanto Herqutanto ^[4] ; Zainun Misbah ^[4] ; Evi Ermayani ^[4] ; Judhiastuty Februhartan ^[4] ; Helda Khusun ^[1]
  1. [1] State University of Surabaya

     State University of Surabaya

     Indonesia

     
  2. [2] University of Indonesia

     University of Indonesia

     Indonesia

     
  3. [3] Health Ministry Polytechnic of Padang
  4. [4] Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization –Regional Centre for Food and Nutrition

  Mostrar afiliaciones +
• Localización: Nutrición clínica y dietética hospitalaria, ISSN 0211-6057, Vol. 46, Nº. 1, 2026, págs. 201-210
• Idioma: español
• DOI: 10.12873/461nahabibi
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo
• Resumen

  • Background : Urbanization and rapid technological development have altered dietary behaviors and physical activity patterns, contributing to ongoing nutrition transitions and potential urban–rural disparities in adult nutritional status in low- and middle-income countries, including Indonesia.

    Objective : This study examined urban–rural differences in nutritional status, dietary intake, and physical activity among adults in West Sumatra, Indonesia.

    Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 416 adults aged 18–59 years, equally recruited from urban and rural areas with a balanced sex distribution. Nutritional status was assessed using body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference. Dietary intake was evaluated using a 24-hour dietary recall, and physical activity was measured using metabolic equivalent tasks (METs) derived from the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Group differences were analyzed using chi-square tests and Mann–Whitney U tests.

    Results : Mean BMI did not differ significantly between urban and rural populations for either sex (p > 0.05). In contrast, waist circumference was significantly higher among urban than rural women (p = 0.001). Total energy and most macronutrient intakes were comparable between groups; however, total protein intake was significantly higher among urban participants (p = 0.018). Physical activity levels tended to be higher in rural populations, although the differences were not statistically significant.

    Conclusion : In this study provides evidence of an ongoing nutrition transition in West Sumatra, characterized by emerging urban–rural differences in abdominal obesity among women and dietary protein intake, despite broadly similar BMI, overall dietary intake, and physical activity levels. These findings emphasize the need to include central obesity indicators in nutritional surveillance and to implement context-specific public health interventions addressing nutrition transition.

• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Wood, D., Crapnell T, Lau L, Bennett A, Lotstein D, Ferris M, Kuo A. Emerging adulthood as a critical stage in the life course. Handbook of...
  • Nursiswati N, Candradewini C, Sari DS, Kurniasih SA, Ibrahim K. Factors Associated with Healthy Behavior for Preventing Non- Communicable...
  • Zhu M, Xu S, Li Y, Wang W, Liu L, Xu Q, et al. Global burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to behavioral factors. Sci Bull [Internet]....
  • Islam ANMS, Sultana H, Nazmul Hassan Refat M, Farhana Z, Abdulbasah Kamil A, Meshbahur Rahman M. The global burden of overweight-obesity and...
  • Fang W, Yuan X, Li W, Seery S, Chen G, Cai Z, et al. Excessive weight gain onset-age and risk of developing diabetes mellitus: a large, prospective...
  • da Silva M, Weiderpass E, Licaj I, Lissner L, Rylander C. Excess body weight, weight gain and obesity-related cancer risk in women in Norway:...
  • Shin J, Park SH, Cho JH, Kim TE. Body fat changes and risk of new onset of hypertension and hyperlipidaemia among Korean adults: A longitudinal...
  • World Health Organization. One in eight people are now living with obesity [Internet]. 2024. Available from: https://www.who.int/ news/item/01-03-2024-one-in-eight-people-are-now-living-with obesity#:~:text=Newstudyreleasedbythe,adultswereoverweightin 2022.
  • Badan Kebijakan Pembangunan Kesehatan Indonesia (Health Development Policy Agency Indonesia). Indonesian Health Survey 2023 in Numbers (Survei...
  • Młynarska E, Bojdo K, Bulicz A, Frankenstein H, Gąsior M, Kustosik N, et al. Obesity as a Multifactorial Chronic Disease: Molecular Mechanisms,...
  • Dev A, Brite J, Heiland FW, Balk D. Built environment as a risk fac- tor for adult overweight and obesity: Evidence from a longitudi- nal...
  • Colozza D. A qualitative exploration of ultra-processed foods con- sumption and eating out behaviours in an Indonesian urban food environment....
  • Penafiel D, Cevallos-Valdiviezo H, Espinel R, Van Damme P. Local traditional foods contribute to diversity and species richness of rural women’s...
  • Silveira EA, Mendonça CR, Delpino FM, Elias Souza GV, Pereira de Souza Rosa L, de Oliveira C, et al. Sedentary behavior, physical in- activity,...
  • Ogbeide GC, Henk J, Martinez DC, Bassett M. Challenges of Healthy Eating Habits in Rural Communities. Obes Res - Open J. 2015;2(3):89–97....
  • Colozza D, Wang YC, Avendano M. Does urbanisation lead to un- healthy diets? Longitudinal evidence from Indonesia. Health Place [Internet]....
  • Andarwulan N, Madanijah S, Briawan D, Anwar K, Bararah A, Saraswati, et al. Food Consumption Pattern and the Intake of Sugar, Salt, and Fat...
  • Nurhasan M, Ariesta DL, Utami MMH, Fahim M, Aprillyana N, Maulana AM, et al. Dietary transitions in Indonesia: the case of urban, rural, and...
  • Lipoeto NI, Mmedsci, Agus Z, Oenzil F, Masrul M, Wattanapen- paiboon N. Contemporary Minangkabau food culture in West Sumatra, Indonesia....
  • Gusnedi G, Fahmida U, Djuwita R, Witjaksono F, Abdullah M. Food-based recommendations for Minangkabau women of repro- ductive age with dyslipidemia....
  • Nasui BA, Popescu CA. Impact on Human Health, Lifestyle, and Quality of Care After COVID-19. Medicina (B Aires) [Internet]. 2025;61(4). doi:...
  • Liu Y, Zhang H, Xu R. The impact of technology on promoting physical activities and mental health: a gender-based study. BMC Psychol. 2023;11(1):1–16....
  • Zahra AS, Febriani Z. Body Awareness dan Gaya Hidup Sehat Dewasa Muda. J Psikogenes. 2025;13(1):40–53. doi: https://doi.org /10.24854/jps.v13i1.4712
  • Said CM, Batchelor F, Duque G. The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Physical Activity, Function, and Quality of Life. Clin Geriatr Med....
  • Sedgwick P. Multistage sampling. BMJ. 2015 Jul 31;351:h4155.
  • James PT, Leach R, Kalamara E, Shayeghi M, Philip T, Leach R, et al. The Worldwide Obesity Epidemic. Obes Res. 2001;9(Suppl. 4): 228S-233S....
  • WHO. Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) [Internet]. 2020. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/ ncds/ncd-surveillance/gpaq-analysis-guide.pdf
  • OECD/Asian Development Bank. Reviews of National Policies for Education Education in Indonesia Rising to the Challenge. Paris: OECD Publishing;...
  • Sollano-Trejo OA, Romero-García T, Jaramillo HJ, Trejo-Trejo M, Leija-Montoya AG, Vázquez-Jiménez JG. Association between vis- ceral fat and...