Heridas y lesiones relacionadas con el parto y puerperio

• Héctor González de la Torre ^[3] ; Miriam Berenguer Pérez ^[1] ; José Verdú Soriano ^[1] ; Margarita Manresa Lamarca ^[2]
  1. [1] Universitat d'Alacant

     Universitat d'Alacant

     Alicante, España

     
  2. [2] Hospital Clinic Barcelona

     Hospital Clinic Barcelona

     Barcelona, España

     
  3. [3] Universidad de la Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Departamento de Enfermería

  Mostrar afiliaciones +
• Localización: Gerokomos: Revista de la Sociedad Española de Enfermería Geriátrica y Gerontológica, ISSN 1134-928X, Vol. 37, Nº. Extra 1, 2026, págs. 1-70
• Idioma: español
• Enlaces
  • Texto completo (pdf)
• Referencias bibliográficas
  • Manresa M, Pereda A, Bataller E, Terre-Rull C, Ismail KM, Webb SS. Incidence of perineal pain and dyspareunia following spontaneous vaginal...
  • Standring S. Gray’s anatomy: The anatomical basis of clinical practice. 41st ed. London, UK: Elsiever; 2016.
  • Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International...
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). The Management of Third- and Fourth-Degree Perineal Tears. Green-top Guideline...
  • Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG). The Management of Third- and Fourth-Degree Perineal Tears. Green-top Guideline No....
  • Bodner-Adler B, Bodner K, Kaider A, Wagenbichler P, Leodolter S, Husslein P, et al. Risk factors for third-degree perineal tears in vaginal...
  • de Leeuw JW, Struijk PC, Vierhout ME, Wallenburg HC. Risk factors for third degree perineal ruptures during delivery. BJOG. 2001;108(4):383-7....
  • Okeahialam NA, Sultan AH, Thakar R. The prevention of perineal trauma during vaginal birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;230(3S):S991-1004....
  • Räisänen S, Cartwright R, Gissler M, Kramer MR, Laine K, Jouhki MR, et al. Changing associations of episiotomy and anal sphincter injury...
  • Okeahialam NA, Wong KW, Jha S, Sultan AH, Thakar R. Mediolateral/lateral episiotomy with operative vaginal delivery and the risk reduction...
  • Jiang H, Qian X, Carroli G, Garner P. Selective versus routine use of episiotomy for vaginal birth. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;2(2):CD000081....
  • Organización Mundial de la Salud. Cuidados en el parto normal. Ginebra: OMS; 1996.
  • Jansova M, Kalis V, Rusavy Z, Räisänen S, Lobovsky L, Laine K. Fetal head size and effect of manual perineal protection. PLoS One. 2017;12(12):e0189842....
  • Jansova M, Kalis V, Rusavy Z, Zemcik R, Lobovsky L, Laine K. Modeling manual perineal protection during vaginal delivery. Int Urogynecol...
  • Jenkins E, Markham C, Ryder I, Kettle C. Labial trauma post birth: A delphi study of classification and suturing requirements. Midwifery....
  • Roman MP, Aggarwal S, Doumouchtsis SK; CHORUS, an International Collaboration for Harmonising Outcomes, Research and Standards in Urogynaecology...
  • Aasheim V, Nilsen ABV, Reinar LM, Lukasse M. Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane...
  • Smith LA, Price N, Simonite V, Burns EE. Incidence of and risk factors for perineal trauma: a prospective observational study. BMC Pregnancy...
  • Packet B, Page AS, Cattani L, Bosteels J, Deprest J, Richter J. Predictive factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury in primiparous women:...
  • Levin G, Rottenstreich A, Tsur A, Cahan T, Yoeli-Ullman R, Shai D, et al. Risk factors for obstetric anal sphincter injury among parous women....
  • Aguiar M, Farley A, Hope L, Amin A, Shah P, Manaseki-Holland S. Birth-Related Perineal Trauma in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic...
  • Cakwira H, Mukengere M, Lucien B, Aborode AT, Sironge L, Michael MV, et al. The clinical characteristics of perineal tears: A study carried...
  • Macedo MD, Risløkken J, Halle T, Ellström Engh M, Siafarikas F. Occurrence and risk factors for second-degree perineal tears: A prospective...
  • Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). National Core Maternity Indicators: Third and fourth degree tears (data to 2022). 2023.
  • International Urogynecological Association (IUGA). International guidelines on obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIs). 2025.
  • Woodd SL, Montoya A, Barreix M, Pi L, Calvert C, Rehman AM, et al. Incidence of maternal peripartum infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis....
  • Jones K, Webb S, Manresa M, Hodgetts-Morton V, Morris RK. The incidence of wound infection and dehiscence following childbirth-related perineal...
  • Kullab UB, Moestrup LV, Bergholt T, Klarskov N, Jangö H. Perineal resuturing versus conservative treatment for dehisced perineal wounds and...
  • Cattani L, De Maeyer L, Verbakel JY, Bosteels J, Deprest J. Predictors for sexual dysfunction in the first year postpartum: A systematic review...
  • McDonald EA, Gartland D, Small R, Brown SJ. Frequency, severity and persistence of postnatal dyspareunia to 18 months post partum: A cohort...
  • Propst K, Yao M, Ferrando CA, Hickman LC. Impact of Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries on Postpartum Sexual Function: A Prospective Cohort...
  • Ramage L, Yen C, Qiu S, Simillis C, Kontovounisios C, Tekkis P, et al Functional and quality of life outcomes following obstetric anal sphincter...
  • Sideris M, McCaughey T, Hanrahan JG, Arroyo-Manzano D, Zamora J, Jha S, et al. Risk of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) and anal...
  • Parsons J, Eccles A, Bick D, Keighley MRB, Clements A, Cornish J, et al. Women's experiences of anal incontinence following vaginal birth:...
  • European Wound Management Association (EWMA). Birth related wounds. Copenhagen: EWMA; 2020. Available from: https://ewma.org/resources/for-professionals/birth-relatedwounds/
  • Restrepo-Medrano JC, Verdú Soriano J. Desarrollo de un índice de medida de la evolución hacia la cicatrización de las heridas crónicas. Gerokomos....
  • Motta G, Milne CT. A Prospective, Multicenter Study to Compare a Disposable, High-fluid Capacity Underpad to Nonpermeable, Disposable, Reusable...
  • Yin Q, Huang L, Rui X, Zhang A. The preventive effect of graded nursing based on perineal assessment tool on incontinence-associated dermatitis...
  • Davidson N. REEDA: evaluating postpartum healing. J Nurse Midwifery. 1974;19(2):6–8.
  • Yuksel S, Ustun A, Kar E, Ozcan A, Callioglu N. The impact of different skin Suture methods in episiotomy repair on healing and pain: A randomized...
  • Sabancı Baransel E, Barut S, Uçar T. The Effects of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation Applied in the Early Postpartum Period After...
  • Ramesh S, Tripathy S, Sen M, Nandi D. Effects of Far Infrared Radiation and Sitz Bath on Perineal Wound Healing and Pain in Primiparous Women...
  • Alirezaei S, Makvandi S, Talasaz ZH, Manouchehri E, Larki M. Effectiveness of Dry Heat Versus Moist Heat Modalities on Pain Intensity and...
  • Öz T, Güloğlu ZE. Evaluation of education and counseling using social media tools after discharge in women who underwent episiotomy. Health...
  • Faal Siahkal S, Abedi P, Iravani M, Esfandiarinezhad P, Dastoorpoor M, Bakhtiari S, et al. Continuous non-locking vs. interrupted suturing...
  • Abedian S, Abedi P, Jahanfar S, Iravani M, Zahedian M. The effect of Lavender on pain and healing of episiotomy: A systematic review. Complement...
  • Maghalian M, Alizadeh A, Raphi F, Islambulchilar Z, Khodaie L, Nabighadim M, et al. The effect of Nigella Sativa emulgel on episiotomy wound...
  • Sayahi M, Jahangirimehr A, Hatami Manesh Z, Mojab F, Nikbina M. The effect of Camellia sinensis ointment on perineal pain and episiotomy wound...
  • Fili R, Behmanesh F, Nazmi S, Nikpour M, Memariani Z. Randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of olive and black seed oil combination...
  • Teixeira TT, Riesco ML. Surgical adhesive glue to repair first-degree perineal tears in vaginal birth: A randomised controlled clinical trial....
  • Cheshfar F, Bani S, Mirghafourvand M, Hasanpour S, Javadzadeh Y. The Effects of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract Ointment on Pain and...
  • Alvarenga MB, Francisco AA, de Oliveira SM, da Silva FM, Shimoda GT, Damiani LP. Episiotomy healing assessment: Redness, Oedema, Ecchymosis,...
  • Jones L, Delicate A, Waigwa S, Hodgetts Morton V, Morris RK, Whitehurst J, et al; Chapter Collaborative Group. Exploring views and experiences...
  • Dwan K, Fox T, Lutje V, Lavender T, Mills TA. Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma and postpartum...
  • Maghalian M, Alikamali M, Nabighadim M, Mirghafourvand M. The effects of warm perineal compress on perineal trauma and postpartum pain: a...
  • Sun R, Huang J, Zhu X, Hou R, Zang Y, Li Y, et al. Effects of Perineal Warm Compresses during the Second Stage of Labor on Reducing Perineal...
  • Zang Y, Hu Y, Lu H. Effects of different techniques during the second stage of labour on reducing perineal laceration: An overview of systematic...
  • Liu Y, Li T, Guo N, Jiang H, Li Y, Xu C, et al. Women's experience and satisfaction with midwifeled maternity care: a cross-sectional...
  • Rodrigues S, Silva P, Rocha F, Monterroso L, Silva JN, de Sousa NQ, et al. Perineal massage and warm compresses - Randomised controlled trial...
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Intrapartum care (NG235). Londres: NICE; 2025. [https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng235]...
  • OASI Care Bundle Project Team. Implementation guide for maternity sites in the roll-out phase 2017–2018. Londres: Royal College of Obstetricians...
  • Pierce-Williams RAM, Saccone G, Berghella V. Hands-on versus hands-off techniques for the prevention of perineal trauma during vaginal delivery:...
  • Huang J, Lu H, Zang Y, Ren L, Li C, Wang J. The effects of hands on and hands off/poised techniques on maternal outcomes: A systematic review...
  • Laine K, Pirhonen T, Rolland R, Pirhonen J. Decreasing the incidence of anal sphincter tears during delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2008;111(5):1053-7....
  • Bulchandani S, Watts E, Sucharitha A, Yates D, Ismail KM. Manual perineal support at the time of childbirth: a systematic review and meta-analysis....
  • Rasmussen OB, Yding A, Andersen CS, Boris J, Lauszus FF. Which elements were significant in reducing obstetric anal sphincter injury? A prospective...
  • Venugopal V, Deenadayalan B, Maheshkumar K, Yogapriya C, Akila A, Pandiaraja M, et al. Perineal Massage for Prevention of Perineal Trauma...
  • Li Y, Wang C, Lu H, Cao L, Zhu X, Wang A, et al. Effects of perineal massage during childbirth on maternal and neonatal outcomes in primiparous...
  • Yin J, Chen Y, Huang M, Cao Z, Jiang Z, Li Y. Effects of perineal massage at different stages on perineal and postpartum pelvic floor function...
  • Aquino CI, Guida M, Saccone G, Cruz Y, Vitagliano A, Zullo F, et al. Perineal massage during labor: a systematic review and meta-analysis...
  • Yang Q, Cao X, Hu S, Sun M, Lai H, Hou L, et al. Lubricant for reducing perineal trauma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized...
  • Marcos-Rodríguez A, Leirós-Rodríguez R, Hernandez-Lucas P. Efficacy of perineal massage during the second stage of labor for the prevention...
  • Pergialiotis V, Bellos I, Fanaki M, Vrachnis N, Doumouchtsis SK. Risk factors for severe perineal trauma during childbirth: An updated meta-analysis....
  • Zang Y, Lu H, Zhao Y, Huang J, Ren L, Li X. Effects of flexible sacrum positions during the second stage of labour on maternal and neonatal...
  • Gupta JK, Sood A, Hofmeyr GJ, Vogel JP. Position in the second stage of labour for women without epidural anaesthesia. Cochrane Database...
  • Rocha BDD, Zamberlan C, Pivetta HMF, Santos BZ, Antunes BS. Upright positions in childbirth and the prevention of perineal lacerations: a...
  • Sidebottom AC, Vacquier M, Simon K, Wunderlich W, Fontaine P, Dahlgren-Roemmich D, et al. Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes in Hospital-Based...
  • Halfdansdottir B, Ellinger-Kaya K, Fjøsne K, Lindgren H, Hegaard HK, Blix E. The association between waterbirth and perineal injury or other...
  • Gachon B, Durocher L, Garabedian C, Guerby P, Chauleur C, Bertholdt C, et al; INSTRUMODA Study Group; GROG (Groupe de Recherche en Obstétrique...
  • Bergendahl S, Jonsson M, Hesselman S, Ankarcrona V, Leijonhufvud Å, Wihlbäck AC, et al. Lateral episiotomy or no episiotomy in vacuum assisted...
  • Bercovich O, Chen D, Narkis B, Pardo A, Hadar E, Walfisch A, et al. Mediolateral episiotomy and obstetric anal sphincter injuries in nullipara:...
  • Abdi HB, Wakwaya EB, Damtew BS, Hussen BA, Beyen TK. Maternal complication of instrumental vaginal delivery and its associated factors: Systematic...
  • Freeman RM, Hollands HJ, Barron LF, Kapoor DS. Cutting a mediolateral episiotomy at the correct angle: evaluation of a new device, the Episcissors-60....
  • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). Episcissors-60 for mediolateral episiotomy. Medical technologies guidance (MTG47)....
  • van Roon Y, Vinayakarao L, Melson L, Percival R, Pathak S, Pradhan A. Comparative study of episiotomy angles achieved by cutting with straight...
  • Giroux M, Emslie E, Karreman E, Jabs C. Implementation of Episcissors-60 for Prevention of Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injuries (OASIS) in a...
  • Brito LG, Ferreira CH, Duarte G, Nogueira AA, Marcolin AC. Antepartum use of Epi-No birth trainer for preventing perineal trauma: systematic...
  • Metinoğlu M, Beji NK. The Effect of Perineum Massage Applied With and Without an Instrument in the Active Phase of Labor Birth Outcomes: A...
  • Zhou F, Zhang J, Li Y, Huang GQ, Li J, Wang XD. Hyaluronidase for reducing perineal trauma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024;11(11):CD010441....
  • Kwon H, Park HS, Shim JY, Lee KW, Choi SJ, Choi GY. Randomized, Double-Blind, PlaceboControlled Trial on the Efficacy of Hyaluronidase in...
  • Lavesson T, Griph ID, Skärvad A, Karlsson AS, Nilsson HB, Steinvall M, et al. A perineal protection device designed to protect the perineum...
  • Hoeller A, Birri J, Ochsenbein-Koelble N, Richter A, Zimmermann R, Kimmich N. Effect of a perineal protection device in vacuum-assisted births-a...
  • André K, Leijonhufvud Å, Ignell C, Källén K, Stuart A. Minimizing tearing during vaginal delivery with a perineal protection device: a randomized...
  • Fernando RJ, Sultan AH, Kettle C, Thakar R. Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(12):CD002866....
  • Buppasiri P, Lumbiganon P, Thinkhamrop J, Thinkhamrop B. Antibiotic prophylaxis for third- and fourth-degree perineal tear during vaginal...
  • Ris F, Alketbi M, Scarpa CR, Gialamas E, Balaphas A, Robert-Yap J, et al. Levator ani repair by transvaginal approach. Tech Coloproctol. 2019;23(2):167-9....
  • Roper JC, Thakar R, Sultan AH. Isolated rectal buttonhole tears in obstetrics: case series and review of the literature. Int Urogynecol J....
  • Queensland Clinical Guidelines. Perineal care. Guideline No. MN23.30-V5-R28. Brisbane: Queensland Health; 2023. Disponible en: http://www.health.qld.gov.au/qcg
  • Webb S, Sherburn M, Ismail KM. Managing perineal trauma after childbirth. BMJ. 2014;349:g6829. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g6829.
  • Okeahialam NA, Thakar R, Sultan AH. Healing of disrupted perineal wounds after vaginal delivery: a poorly understood condition. Br J Nurs....
  • Tucker J, Hassam T, Juszczyk K, Briley A, Parange A, Murphy EMA. Post-repair laxative management in obstetric anal sphincter injury guidelines:...
  • Kullab UB, Moestrup LV, Bergholt T, Klarskov N, Jangö H. Perineal resuturing versus conservative treatment for dehisced perineal wounds and...
  • McDonald RJ, Khoo PT, Daly JO, Karmakar D. Early Resuturing versus expectant Management for Perineal Wound Dehiscence: A systematic review....
  • Aviki EM, Batalden RP, Del Carmen MG, Berkowitz LR. Vacuum-Assisted Closure for Episiotomy Dehiscence. Obstet Gynecol. 2015;126(3):530-3....
  • Akhoundova F, Schumacher F, Léger M, Berndt S, Martinez de Tejada B, Abdulcadir J. Use of Autologous Platelet Rich Plasma (A-PRP) for Postpartum...
  • World Health Organization (WHO). Regional Office for Europe. [Internet]. Disponible en: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/diseaseprevention/nutrition/activities/technical-supportto-member-states/infant-andyoung-child-feeding
  • Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS). Estrategia Mundial para la alimentación del lactante y el niño pequeño. 55ª Asamblea Mundial de la...
  • Lactancia materna [Internet]. UNICEF. Disponible en: https://www.unicef.org/spanish/nutrition/index_24824.html
  • Organización Mundial de la Salud. Plan de aplicación integral sobre nutrición materna, del lactante y del niño pequeño. Ginebra: OMS; 2014.
  • Morais TCE do V, Souza TO de, Vieira GO, Bessa Júnior J de, Jesus GM de. Breastfeeding technique and the incidence of nipple traumas in puerperal...
  • Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU). Convención sobre los derechos del niño. Nueva York: ONU; 1989. Disponible en: https://www.un.org/es/events/childrenday/pdf/derechos.pdf...
  • Marrazzu A, Sanna MG, Dessole F, Capobianco G, Piga MD, Dessole S. Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Silver-Impregnated Medical Cap for...
  • Shahrahmani N, Amir Ali Akbari S, Mojab F, Mirzai M, Shahrahmani H. The Effect of Zizyphus Jujube Fruit Lotion on Breast Fissure in Breastfeeding...
  • Joanna Briggs Institute. The management of nipple pain and/or trauma associated with breastfeeding. Aust Nurs J. 2009;17(2):32-5.
  • Lavergne NA. Does application of tea bags to sore nipples while breastfeeding provide effective relief? J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs JOGNN....
  • Pugh LC, Buchko BL, Bishop BA, Cochran JF, Smith LR, Lerew DJ. A comparison of topical agents to relieve nipple pain and enhance breastfeeding....
  • Centuori S, Burmaz T, Ronfani L, Fragiacomo M, Quintero S, Pavan C, et al. Nipple care, sore nipples, and breastfeeding: a randomized trial....
  • Brent N, Rudy SJ, Redd B, Rudy TE, Roth LA. Sore nipples in breast-feeding women: a clinical trial of wound dressings vs conventional care....
  • Dennis C-L, Schottle N, Hodnett E, McQueen K. An all-purpose nipple ointment versus lanolin in treating painful damaged nipples in breastfeeding...
  • Rius JM, Ortuño J, Rivas C, Maravall M, Calzado MA, López A, et al. Factores asociados al abandono precoz de la lactancia materna en una región...
  • Ruiz P. Causas del abandono de la lactancia materna exclusiva en una zona básica urbana. ENE, Rev Enferm. 2014;8(2).
  • Oribe M, Lertxundi A, Basterrechea M, Begiristain H, Santa Marina L, Villar M, et al. Prevalencia y factores asociados con la duración de...
  • Walker M. Are There Any Cures for Sore Nipples?. Clin Lactation. 2013;4(3).
  • Kent JC, Ashton E, Hardwick CM, Rowan MK, Chia ES, Fairclough KA, et al. Nipple Pain in Breastfeeding Mothers: Incidence, Causes and Treatments....
  • 22. Walker M. Conquering common breast-feeding problems. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2008;22(4):267-74.
  • Cervellini MP, Gamba MA, Coca KP, Abrão ACFdV. Injuries Resulted From Breastfeeding: A New Approach To A Known Problem. Rev Esc Enferm USP....
  • Cunha AMS, Martins VE, Lourdes ML, Paschoini MC, Parreira BDM, Ruiz MT. Prevalence of nipple traumas and related factors among post-partum...
  • Santos KJ, Santana GS, Vieira TdO, Santos CA, Giugliani ER, Vieira GO. Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first...
  • González C. Comité de Lactancia Materna de la Asociación Española de Pediatría. Dolor en los pezones. Grietas. [Revisado 2019]. Disponible...
  • Dias JS, Vieira TdO, Vieira GO. Factors associated to nipple trauma in lactation period: a systematic review. Rev Bras Saude Mater Infant....
  • Pereira K, Antar M, de Sousa e Silva R, Freitas de Vilhena AC. A posição de amamentar determina o aparecimento do trauma mamilar? Rev Esc...
  • Morland-Schultz K, Hill PD. Prevention of and therapies for nipple pain: a systematic review. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2005;34(4):428-37....
  • Dennis CL, Jackson K, Watson J. Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD007366....
  • Amir LH, Jones LE, Buck ML. Nipple pain associated with breastfeeding: incorporating current neurophysiology into clinical reasoning. Aust...
  • Buchko BL, Pugh LC, Bishop BA, Cochran JF, Smith LR, Lerew DJ. Comfort measures in breastfeeding, primiparous women. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal...
  • Tait P. Nipple pain in breastfeeding women: causes, treatment, and prevention strategies. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2000;45(3):212-5.
  • Kent JC, Ashton E, Hardwick CM, Rowan MK, Chia ES, Fairclough KA, et al. Breastfeeding and nipple pain: Causes, management, and prevention....
  • NNNConsult. Herramienta para la consulta, formación y creación de planes de cuidado con NANDA, NOC, NIC. Elsevier B.V. Disponible en: https://www.nnnconsult.com/
  • Lawrence RA, Lawrence RM. Breastfeeding: A Guide for the Medical Profession. 9th ed. Elsevier; 2022.
  • Santos KJS, da Silva Santos K, Vieira T de O, Vieira GO. Prevalence and factors associated with cracked nipples in the first month postpartum....
  • Buck ML, Amir LH, Donath SM. Topical Treatments Used by Breastfeeding Women to Treat Sore and Damaged Nipples. Clinical Lactation. 2015;6(1):16-22....
  • Abdelhamed AM, Ali AM, El-Kholy AA. Prevalence of Cracked Nipple and its Associated Factors during the Postpartum Period. Mansoura Nursing...
  • 40. Gondkar P, Kumar H, Patel Kl. Incidence and risk factors associated with human mastitis. Health Sciences Review. 2024;12:100191.
  • OMS. Mastitis: causas y manejo. Ginebra: WHO/FCH/ CAH; 2000. Disponible en: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/66925/1/WHO_FCH_CAH_00.13_spa.pdf.
  • Kvist LJ. Re-examination of old truths: replication of a study to measure the incidence of lactational mastitis in breastfeeding women. Int...
  • Puapornpong P, Paritakul P, Suksamarnwong M, Srisuwan S, Ketsuwan S. Nipple Pain Incidence, the Predisposing Factors, the Recovery Period...
  • Blasco Salvador L. Problemas relacionados con el inicio de la lactancia materna: revisión sistematizada de las estrategias de prevención...
  • Mediano P, Fernández L, Rodríguez JM, Marín M. Case–control study of risk factors for infectious mastitis in Spanish breastfeeding women....
  • Perinatal Services BC. Health Promotion Guideline Breastfeeding Healthy Term Infants. 2015. Disponible en: http://www.perinatalservicesbc.ca/Documents/GuidelinesStandards/HealthPromotion/BreastfeedingHealthyTermInfantGuideline.pdf
  • Jackson KT, Dennis C-L. Lanolin for the treatment of nipple pain in breastfeeding women: a randomized controlled trial. Matern Child Nutr....
  • Guía de Actuación en el Nacimiento y la Lactancia Materna para profesionales sanitarios. Comité de Lactancia Materna Hospital 12 de Octubre...
  • Dennis C-L, Jackson K, Watson J. Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(12):CD007366....
  • Jackson KT, Dennis CL. Lanolin for the treatment of nipple pain in breastfeeding women: a randomized controlled trial. Matern Child Nutr....
  • Karaçam Z, Sağlık M. Breastfeeding problems and interventions performed on problems: systematic review based on studies made in Turkey. Turk...
  • Duffy EP, Percival P, Kershaw E. Positive effects of an antenatal group teaching session on postnatal nipple pain, nipple trauma and breast...
  • Dennis C-L, Schottle N, Hodnett E, McQueen K. An all-purpose nipple ointment versus lanolin in treating painful damaged nipples in breastfeeding...
  • Witkowska-Zimny M, Kamińska-El-Hassan E, Wróbel E. Milk Therapy: Unexpected Uses for Human Breast Milk. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):986.
  • Grupo de trabajo de la Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre lactancia materna. Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre lactancia materna. Ministerio de...
  • De la Hoz D, Jiménez J, Rosanía S, Vásquez M, Álvarez L. Revisión sistemática de las causas y tratamientos para las grietas en los pezones...
  • Vieira F, Mota DDCF, Castral TC, Guimarães JV, Salge AKM, Bachion MM. Effects of Anhydrous Lanolin versus Breast Milk Combined with a Breast...
  • Grupo de trabajo de la Guía de práctica clínica de atención en el embarazo y puerperio. Guía de práctica clínica de atención en el embarazo...
  • Aguilar MJ, Villar NM, Barrilao RG, Cortés ME, Sánchez AM. Application of Extra Virgin Olive Oil to Prevent Nipple Cracking in Lactating Women....
  • Pezeshki B, Pouredalati M, Zolala S, Moeindarbary S, Kazemi K, Rakhsha M, et al. Comparison of the Effect of Aloe Vera Extract, Breast Milk,...
  • Essa RM, Ebrahim EM. Effect of breast milk versus therapeutic honey (Apicare) on cracked nipples’ healing. Life Sci J. 2013;10(1):2137-47.
  • Abou-Dakn M, Fluhr JW, Gensch M, Woeckel A. Positive Effect of HPA Lanolin versus Expressed Breastmilk on Painful and Damaged Nipples during...
  • Akbari SAA, Alamolhoda SH, Baghban AA, Mirabi P. Effects of menthol essence and breast milk on the improvement of nipple fissures in breastfeeding...
  • Shanazi M, Kkhalili AF, Kamalifard M, Jafarabadi MA, Masoudin K, Esmaeli F. Comparison of the effects of lanolin, peppermint, and dexpanthenol...
  • Firouzabadi M, Pourramezani N, Balvardi M. The effect of honey on the healing of the traumatized nipple in breastfeeding mothers. J Res Med...
  • Page T, Lockwood C, Guest K. Management of nipple pain and/or trauma associated with breastfeeding. JBI Libr Syst Rev. 2003;1(3):1-33.
  • Vieira F, Bachion MM, Mota DDCF, Munari DB. A systematic review of the interventions for nipple trauma in breastfeeding mothers. J Nurs Scholarsh....
  • Mitchell KB, et al. Breast Masses, Breast Complaints, and Diagnostic Breast Imaging in the Lactating Woman. Breastfeed Med. 2019;14(4):207-11.
  • Cunningham FG, Leveno KJ, Bloom SL, Dashe JS, Hoffman BL, Casey BM, et al. Williams Obstetrics. 27th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education;...
  • Islam N, Thalib L, Mahmood S, Varol SA, Adel I, Aqel A, et al. Regional variations in incidence of surgical site infection and associated...
  • Boerma T, Ronsmans C, Melesse DY, Barros AJD, Barros FC, Juan L, et al. Global epidemiology of use of and disparities in caesarean sections....
  • Gee ME, Dempsey A, Myers JE. Caesarean section: techniques and complications. Obstetr Gynaecol Reproduct Med. 2020;30(4):97-103.
  • Olyaeemanesh A, Bavandpour E, Mobinizadeh M, Ashrafinia M, Bavandpour M, Nouhi M. Comparison of the Joel-Cohen-based technique and the transverse...
  • World Health Organization. WHO recommendations: non-clinical interventions to reduce unnecessary caesarean sections. Geneva: WHO; 2018.
  • de Lissovoy G, Fraeman K, Hutchins V, Murphy D, Song D, Vaughn BB. Surgical site infection: incidence and impact on hospital utilization and...
  • Olsen MA, Butler AM, Willers DM, Gross GA, Hamilton BH, Fraser VJ. Attributable costs of surgical site infection and endometritis after low...
  • Wloch C, Wilson J, Lamagni T, Harrington P, Charlett A, Sheridan E. Risk factors for surgical site infection following caesarean section...
  • Carbonnel M, Brot D, Benedetti C, Kennel T, Murtada R, Revaux A, et al. Risks factors for wound complications after cesarean section. J Gynecol...
  • Jallad K, Steele SE, Barber MD. Breakdown of perineal laceration repair after vaginal delivery: a case-control study. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr...
  • 12. Hu Y, Wang F. The association of gestational diabetes in wound complications following cesarean section: A meta-analysis. Curr Probl Surg....
  • Bernard C, Agostini A, Bretelle F, Blanc J, Netter A. Risk factors and influence of surgical technique on the risk of caesarean scar defect...
  • Abate SM, Mergia G, Nega S, Basu B, Tadesse M. Efficacy and safety of wound infiltration modalities for postoperative pain management after...
  • Cenac LA, Guerra S, Huckaby A, Saccone G, Berghella V. Early wound dressing (soft gauze/tape dressing) removal after cesarean delivery: a...
  • Nouh FM, Abualruz H, Mohamed RF, Yousef AA-E, Al Hrinat J, Hendi AG, et al. Surgical care bundle: effect on post-caesarean wound infection....
  • Raghavan R, Arya P, Arya P, China S. Abdominal incisions and sutures in obstetrics and gynaecology. Obstetrician Gynaecologist. 2014;16(1):13–8....
  • Tsuji S, Katsura D, Tokoro S, Inatomi A, Nobuta Y, Yoneoka Y, et al. Two-layer interrupted versus two-layer continuous sutures for preventing...
  • Albzea W, Almonayea L, Alzayed MM, Alharran AM, Alrashidi HF, Alenezi S, et al. The Effect of Subcutaneous Saline Irrigation on Wound Complications...
  • Wijetunge S, Hill R, Morris RK, Hodgetts Morton V. Advanced dressings for the prevention of surgical site infection in women post-caesarean...
  • Guo C, Cheng T, Li J. Prophylactic negative pressure wound therapy on surgical site infection in obese women after cesarean section: A systematic...
  • Vilkins A, Nherera L, Searle R, Welsh T. Comparison of the effectiveness of two prophylactic singleuse negative pressure wound therapy devices...
  • Goldman T, Costa B. A systematic review and meta-analysis of two negative pressure wound therapy devices to manage cesarean section incisions....
  • Fuhrmann L, Koshty A, AlTattan M, Kunold A, Elzien M, Böning A, et al. The effect of closed incision negative pressure therapy on groin wounds...
  • Heinemann N, Solnica A, Abdelkader R, Gutman J, Nalbandian N, Raizman E, et al. Timing of staples and dressing removal after cesarean delivery...
  • Davidson N. REEDA: evaluating postpartum healing. J Nurse Midwifery. 1974;19(2):6–8.
  • Carrière ME, Mokkink LB, Tyack Z, Westerman MJ, Pijpe A, Pleat J, et al. Development of the Patient Scale of the Patient and Observer Scar...
  • Carrière ME, Tyack Z, Westerman MJ, Pleat J, Pijpe A, van Zuijlen PPM, et al. From qualitative data to a measurement instrument: A clarification...
  • Carrière ME, Mokkink LB, Pleat J, Tyack Z, Pijpe A, de Vet HCW, van Zuijlen PPM; POSAS Group. Development of the Observer Scales of the Patient...
  • Frishman GN. Cesarean scar defects: no longer a niche topic. Fertil Steril. 2022;118(4):767.
  • Qiu P, Lin X, Li A, Deng G. Research status and hotspots of cesarean scar pregnancy from 2001 to 2020: a biblio-metric analysis. Ann Palliat...
  • Ahamed FM, Solkar S, Stevikova M, Peramo Moya B. Link between cesarean section scar defect and secondary infertility: case reports and review....